Table 2.

Effects (with 95% CI) of a doubling in the inflammatory marker at baseline on 5-year changes in heart rate and HRV indices

Outcome	Model	hsCRP			IL-6			IL-1Ra
		n	Estimate	p	n	Estimate	p	n	Estimate	p
Heart rate (bpm)	1	13,251	0.2 (0.1; 0.3)	< 0.001	12,971	0.1 (0.0; 0.3)	0.100	7241	0.7 (0.4; 1.0)	< 0.001
	2	13,251	0.1 (0.0; 0.2)	0.052	12,971	0.0 (− 0.2; 0.2)	0.910	7241	0.6 (0.3; 1.0)	< 0.001
	3	13,251	0.1 (0.0; 0.2)	0.108	12,971	0.0 (− 0.2; 0.1)	0.696	7241	0.6 (0.2; 0.9)	0.002
SDNN (% diff)	1	4258	0.1 (− 0.7; 0.9)	0.796	4286	− 0.3 (− 1.8; 1.3)	0.731	2399	− 3.2 (− 5.7; − 0.6)	0.018
	2	4258	0.3 (− 0.6; 1.2)	0.502	4286	− 0.1 (− 1.6; 1.6)	0.949	2399	− 2.3 (− 5.0; 0.6)	0.120
	3	4258	0.5 (− 0.4; 1.4)	0.267	4286	0.3 (− 1.3; 1.9)	0.750	2399	− 1.8 (− 4.6; 1.1)	0.225
RMSSD (% diff)	1	4258	0.5 (− 0.6; 1.7)	0.376	4286	0.7 (− 1.5; 2.8)	0.546	2399	− 2.0 (− 5.6; 1.7)	0.277
	2	4258	0.6 (− 0.7; 1.9)	0.360	4286	0.8 (− 1.5; 3.0)	0.513	2399	− 1.1 (− 4.9; 2.9)	0.580
	3	4258	0.6 (− 0.7; 1.9)	0.354	4286	0.7 (− 1.5; 3.0)	0.529	2399	− 0.9 (− 4.9; 3.1)	0.644
Low frequency power (% diff)	1	4258	− 0.9 (− 2.7; 0.9)	0.342	4286	− 1.8 (− 5.1; 1.6)	0.299	2399	− 7.1 (− 12.5; − 1.4)	0.016
	2	4258	− 0.1 (− 2.1; 1.9)	0.930	4286	− 0.7 (− 4.2; 2.9)	0.694	2399	− 3.9 (− 9.8; 2.5)	0.227
	3	4258	0.5 (− 1.5; 2.5)	0.645	4286	0.1 (− 3.4; 3.8)	0.937	2399	− 2.7 (− 8.8; 3.9)	0.420
High frequency power (% diff)	1	4258	0.6 (− 1.5; 2.7)	0.588	4286	1.3 (− 2.5; 5.2)	0.510	2399	− 5.2 (− 11.3; 1.3)	0.114
	2	4258	1.1 (− 1.2; 3.4)	0.347	4286	2.0 (− 2.0; 6.1)	0.334	2399	− 2.8 (− 9.5; 4.3)	0.430
	3	4258	1.2 (− 1.1; 3.5)	0.299	4286	2.1 (− 1.9; 6.3)	0.312	2399	− 2.3 (− 9.1; 5.0)	0.524
LF/HF ratio (% diff)	1	4258	− 1.4 (− 2.7; − 0.2)	0.027	4286	− 3.0 (− 5.3; − 0.6)	0.013	2399	− 1.7 (− 5.8; 2.6)	0.433
	2	4258	− 1.2 (− 2.6; 0.2)	0.099	4286	− 2.6 (− 5.0; − 0.1)	0.039	2399	− 1.0 (− 5.4; 3.7)	0.684
	3	4258	− 0.7 (− 2.1; 0.7)	0.314	4286	− 1.8 (− 4.3; 0.7)	0.152	2399	− 0.3 (− 4.8; 4.5)	0.913
Total power (% diff)	1	4258	0.0 (− 1.6; 1.6)	0.973	4286	− 0.7 (− 3.7; 2.3)	0.630	2399	− 6.4 (− 11.3; − 1.3)	0.015
	2	4258	0.5 (− 1.3; 2.3)	0.596	4286	− 0.1 (− 3.3; 3.1)	0.939	2399	− 4.2 (− 9.5; 1.4)	0.142
	3	4258	1.0 (− 0.8; 2.8)	0.282	4286	0.7 (− 2.5; 3.9)	0.690	2399	− 3.2 (− 8.7; 2.6)	0.274

bpm beats per minute, diff. difference, N number of person-examinations used in the particular analysis

p: p value for the test of the effect being equal to zero

Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, study phase and diabetes. For HRV indices, further adjustment for heart rate obtained as part of the HRV analyses

Model 2: Further adjustment for BMI and physical activity

Model 3: Further adjustment for smoking, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, tricyclic antidepressants, diuretics and beta blockers