Table 1.
miRNAs altered in exercise and their putative functional effects and targets
| miRNA | Putative targets | Functional effects | References (PMID) |
|---|---|---|---|
| miR-1 | PKCɛ, HSP60, BCL2, GATA4, MEF2A, NCX1 | Antihypertrophic, increased CM death, ECC | PMID: 19506341, PMID: 23226300, PMID: 21447748, PMID: 17468766, PMID: 26646371 |
| miR-100 | IGF-1R | Increased CM death | PMID: 25793527, PMID: 26191255 |
| miR-125b-5p | p53, Bak1, TRAF6 | Reduced CM death, profibrosis | PMID: 25863248, PMID: 26408546, PMID: 24576954 |
| miR-126 | Spred1, PIK3R2 | Increased angiogenesis | PMID: 22330028, PMID: 25863248 |
| miR-133a | RhoA, DAPK2, Cdc42, Nelf-A/WHSC2 | Antihypertrophic, ECC, antifibrotic, anticardiomyogenesis | PMID: 17468766, PMID: 21447748 |
| miR-143 | ACE2 | Prohypertrophic | PMID: 21709209, PMID: 24751578 |
| miR-144 | Rac1, PTEN | Inhibited CM death | PMID: 23812090, PMID: 26408546 |
| miR-145 | TSC2, Bnip3, CaMKIIδ | Inhibited CM death, ECC, promoting autophagy | PMID: 23812090, PMID: 26408546, PMID: 23028672, PMID: 23702479, PMID: 26432843 |
| miR-150 | SRF, Egr2, p2x7r, c-myb, | Inhibited CM death, ECC, antifibrosis, antihypertrophic | PMID: 24751578, PMID: 25863248, PMID: 25639779, PMID: 25824147, PMID: 27184887 |
| miR-155 | SOCS-1, Jarid2 | Increased CM death, antihypertophy | PMID: 25863248, PMID: 26408546, PMID: 24657879 |
| miR-15a | CHEK1 | Increased CM death, anticardiogenesis | PMID: 25863248, PMID: 22052914, PMID: 24043355 |
| miR-181a | MAPK1, TNF-α, GAT4 | Inflammation injury | PMID: 25793527 |
| miR-19b | Bim, TNF-α, PTEN, MuRF, atrogin-1, CTGF, TSP-1 | Prohypertrophy, inhibited CM death, cardiogenesis, antifibrosis, antiangiogenesis | PMID: 25793527, PMID: 26918829, PMID: 24117217, PMID: 21501375 |
| miR-208a | THARAP1, myostatin, GATA4, | Prohypertrophic, ECC | PMID: 27503950, PMID: 25793527, PMID: 19726871, PMID: 17379774 |
| miR-208b | THARAP1, myostatin, | Prohypertrophic, ECC | PMID: 27503950 |
| miR-21 | PTEN, PDCD4, FasL, Spry1, | Inhibited CM death, profibrosis, proangiogenesis | PMID: 23812090, PMID: 19043405, PMID: 19041309 |
| miR-214 | SERCA2a, Ncx1, BIM, CypD, CaMKIIδ, XBP1 | Inhibited CM death, ECC, antiangiogenesis | PMID: 22426211, PMID: 25822872, PMID: 26646371, PMID: 26408546, PMID: 25656649 |
| miR-22 | CBP, CDK16, Sirt1, Sp1, PTEN, PURB, Hdac4 | Prohypertrophic, inhibiting CM death, ECC | PMID: 25793527, PMID: 22570371 |
| miR-222 | p27, HIPK1/2, Hmbox1 | Increased CM proliferation, prohypertrophy, inhibited CM death, antiangiogenesis | PMID: 25863248, PMID: 26408546 |
| miR-24 | Bim, BCL2L11, Bax, GATA2, PAK4, Furin | Inhibited CM death, ECC, antiangiogenesis, antifibrosis | PMID: 25863248, PMID: 26408546, PMID: 21383058, PMID: 21788589, PMID: 22260784 |
| miR-26b | GATA4, IGF | Antiangiogenic, increased CM death, antihypertrophic | PMID: 24751578 |
| miR-27a | ACE, SEMA6A | Prohypertrophic, proangiogenesis | PMID: 21709209, PMID: 24751578, PMID: 26408546, PMID: 25863248, PMID: 22184411 |
| miR-27b | ACE, SEMA6A | Prohypertrophic, proangiogenesis | PMID: 21709209, PMID: 26408546, PMID: 25863248, PMID: 22184411 |
| miR-29a | COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, FBN1, ELN, Mcl-2 | Antifibrotic, increased CM death, prohypertrophy | PMID: 21447748, PMID: 24642957, PMID: 18723672, PMID: 17108080 |
| miR-29c | COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, FBN1, ELN, Mcl-2 | Antifibrotic, increased CM death, prohypertrophy | PMID: 21447748, PMID: 24642957, PMID: 18723672, PMID: 17108080 |
| miR-30e | ?CaMKIIδ, ?Egfr1, ?Bcl2 | ?ECC, ?apoptosis | PMID: 25793527 |
| miR-320 | HSP20 | Increased CM death | PMID: 19380620, PMID: 25863248 |
| miR-499 | CaN, Drp1 | Inhibited CM death, ECC | PMID: 26387191, PMID: 21186368 |
| miR-574-3p | ATP2A2 | ECC | PMID: 25863248 |
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) implicated in the cardiac response to exercise. miRNAs reported as dynamically regulated by exercise and potentially contributing functionally to the phenotypes associated with exercise are listed, along with their putative targets and functional effects, as well as supporting citations.
CM, Cardiomyocyte; ECC, excitation–contraction coupling; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor receptor.