Table 2.
Multivariable analysis of factors associated with HPV initiation and completion among female and male adolescents, NIS-Teen 2013a
| FEMALES | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥1 dose of HPV vaccine (N = 8256) | HPV vaccine completion (N = 8256) | |||||
| Adjusted vaccination coverageb % (95%CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95%CI)c | p-value | Adjusted vaccination coverageb % (95%CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95%CI)c | p-value | |
| Age(Mother/Parent) | ||||||
| ≤ 34 years old | 64.9 (59.1, 70.7) | Reference | 41.7 (35.3, 48.1) | Reference | ||
| 35–44 years old | 56.4 (53.6, 59.1) | 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) | <0.01 | 36.8 (34.0, 39.6) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.05) | 0.15 |
| ≥ 45 years old | 56.8 (54.1, 59.4) | 0.87 (0.79, 0.97) | 0.01 | 37.5 (34.8, 40.2) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | 0.23 |
| Education (Mother) | ||||||
| < High school | 61.7 (56.9, 66.5) | Reference | 39.8 (33.2, 46.4) | Reference | ||
| High school | 59.1 (55.2, 62.9) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) | 0.35 | 41.6 (37.3, 45.9) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.25) | 0.63 |
| Some college | 55.2 (51.7, 58.7) | 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.03 | 34.6 (31.2, 37.9) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.05) | 0.15 |
| College graduate | 56.1 (52.9, 59.3) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 0.07 | 36.2 (33.0, 39.4) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.36 |
| Poverty status | ||||||
| Above poverty (>$75 k) | 57.5 (54.0, 61.0) | Reference | 37.9 (34.1, 41.6) | Reference | ||
| Above poverty (<=$75 k) | 55.4 (52.5, 58.4) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.35 | 36.5 (33.4, 39.5) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 0.55 |
| Below poverty | 60.1 (56.0, 64.3) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.16) | 0.39 | 38.7 (33.8, 43.6) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) | 0.82 |
| Marital status of mother | ||||||
| Married | 54.5 (52.1, 56.8) | Reference | 36.1 (33.7, 38.4) | Reference | ||
| Otherd | 62.7 (59.5, 65.8) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.23) | <0.01 | 40.4 (36.9, 43.8) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.25) | 0.04 |
| Ethnicity/Race of teens | ||||||
| Hispanic | 61.1 (56.8, 65.4) | Reference | 41.2 (36.1, 46.2) | Reference | ||
| Non-Hispanic White only | 56.5 (54.1, 59.0) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.07 | 36.4 (34.0, 38.7) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.02) | 0.09 |
| Otherd | 55.9 (52.4, 59.4) | 0.91 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.05 | 37.0 (33.5, 40.5) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.16 |
| Age in years of selected teen | ||||||
| 13 years old | 48.7 (45.2, 52.2) | Reference | 24.3 (21.0, 27.7) | Reference | ||
| 14 years old | 53.0 (49.2, 56.7) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) | 0.08 | 30.2 (26.7, 33.7) | 1.24 (1.04, 1.48) | 0.01 |
| 15 years old | 59.0 (55.1, 62.8) | 1.21 (1.10, 1.33) | <0.01 | 39.6 (35.5, 43.7) | 1.63 (1.38, 1.92) | <0.01 |
| 16 years old | 62.6 (58.7, 66.5) | 1.28 (1.17, 1.41) | <0.01 | 45.4 (41.1, 49.6) | 1.86 (1.58, 2.19) | <0.01 |
| 17 years old | 65.1 (60.7, 69.5) | 1.34 (1.21, 1.47) | <0.01 | 52.8 (48.0, 57.5) | 2.17 (1.84, 2.55) | <0.01 |
| Source of health insurance for teens | ||||||
| Provided through employment or union | 57.0 (54.4, 59.5) | Reference | 37.5 (34.9, 40.2) | Reference | ||
| Not Provided through employment or union | 58.0 (54.7, 61.2) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.65 | 37.6 (34.0, 41.1) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 0.99 |
| Facility type for teen’s providers | ||||||
| All public facilities | 58.2 (53.8, 62.7) | Reference | 34.0 (28.8, 39.3) | Reference | ||
| All hospital facilities | 64.7 (59.7, 69.7) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.23) | 0.04 | 41.9 (35.7, 48.0) | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) | 0.05 |
| All private facilities | 57.1 (54.4, 59.9) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0.67 | 38.6 (35.9, 41.3) | 1.13 (0.96, 1.34) | 0.14 |
| Mixed/Other | 55.0 (51.3, 58.6) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.25 | 35.9 (32.3, 39.6) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.27) | 0.57 |
| Do teen’s providers order vaccination from states/ local health department | ||||||
| All providers | 57.8 (55.6, 60.0) | Reference | 37.7 (35.5, 39.9) | Reference | ||
| Some but possibly not all | 60.3 (54.7, 65.9) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 0.39 | 37.4 (31.7, 43.0) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.16) | 0.91 |
| No providers | 51.5 (46.1, 56.8) | 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) | 0.03 | 37.5 (32.2, 42.8) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.95 |
| Don’t know | 57.5 (50.0, 64.9) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.14) | 0.94 | 36.8 (30.1, 43.6) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 0.81 |
| Influenza vaccinatione | ||||||
| No | 47.4 (44.8, 50.0) | Reference | 28.1 (25.6, 30.6) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 69.2 (66.8, 71.6) | 1.46 (1.37, 1.55) | <0.01 | 48.5 (45.8, 51.3) | 1.73 (1.56, 1.91) | <0.01 |
| TDAP vaccinationf | ||||||
| No | 53.7 (49.7, 57.6) | Reference | 27.5 (23.9, 31.1) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 58.6 (56.5, 60.7) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 0.03 | 40.9 (38.7, 43.2) | 1.49 (1.29, 1.72) | <0.01 |
| Meningitis vaccinationg | ||||||
| No | 26.0 (22.3, 29.8) | Reference | 12.7 (10.1, 15.3) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 64.8 (62.7, 67.0) | 2.49 (2.15, 2.89) | <0.01 | 42.6 (40.3, 44.8) | 3.35 (2.71, 4.15) | <0.01 |
| MALES | ||||||
| ≥1 dose of HPV vaccine (N = 9003) | HPV vaccine completion (N = 9003) | |||||
| Adjusted vaccination coverageb % (95%CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95%CI)c | p-value | Adjusted vaccination coverageb % (95%CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95%CI)c | p-value | |
| Age(Mother/Parent) | ||||||
| ≤ 34 years old | 35.0 (30.3, 39.8) | Reference | 12.9 (9.4, 16.5) | Reference | ||
| 35–44 years old | 35.2 (32.5, 37.8) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) | 0.97 | 12.6 (10.6, 14.5) | 0.97 (0.71, 1.33) | 0.87 |
| ≥ 45 years old | 33.4 (30.6, 36.2) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 0.57 | 14.9 (12.7, 17.1) | 1.15 (0.83, 1.60) | 0.40 |
| Education (Mother) | ||||||
| < High school | 35.2 (30.4, 39.9) | Reference | 18.2 (13.4, 23.1) | Reference | ||
| High school | 34.6 (30.8, 38.3) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.82 | 13.5 (10.4, 16.6) | 0.74 (0.53, 1.03) | 0.08 |
| Some college | 29.6 (26.5, 32.7) | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.05 | 11.4 (9.3, 13.5) | 0.62 (0.45, 0.86) | <0.01 |
| College graduate | 37.4 (33.7, 41.1) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.28) | 0.51 | 13.2 (11.1, 15.4) | 0.73 (0.52, 1.02) | 0.06 |
| Poverty status | ||||||
| Above poverty (>$75 k) | 34.4 (30.6, 38.2) | Reference | 14.8 (11.8, 17.9) | Reference | ||
| Above poverty (<=$75 k) | 32.7 (29.7, 35.7) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | 0.47 | 13.1 (10.8, 15.4) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) | 0.30 |
| Below poverty | 36.5 (32.5, 40.6) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.27) | 0.52 | 13.0 (10.1, 16.0) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.27) | 0.49 |
| Marital status of mother | ||||||
| Married | 32.7 (30.4, 35.1) | Reference | 13.6 (11.9, 15.4) | Reference | ||
| Otherd | 37.2 (34.1, 40.4) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) | 0.02 | 13.6 (11.4, 15.8) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) | 0.98 |
| Ethnicity/Race of teens | ||||||
| Hispanic | 43.3 (38.8, 47.8) | Reference | 16.2 (12.9, 19.4) | Reference | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 29.5 (27.3, 31.6) | 0.68 (0.60, 0.77) | <0.01 | 12.3 (10.7, 13.8) | 0.76 (0.60, 0.96) | 0.02 |
| Otherd | 35.7 (32.1, 39.4) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) | <0.01 | 13.9 (11.4, 16.5) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 0.26 |
| Age in years of selected teen | ||||||
| 13 years old | 32.0 (28.4, 35.6) | Reference | 11.4 (8.8, 14.1) | Reference | ||
| 14 years old | 33.0 (29.7, 36.3) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) | 0.67 | 11.5 (9.1, 13.9) | 1.01 (0.74, 1.37) | 0.96 |
| 15 years old | 35.9 (31.8, 40.1) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | 0.14 | 15.9 (12.4, 19.3) | 1.39 (1.01, 1.90) | 0.04 |
| 16 years old | 36.1 (32.3, 39.8) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.31) | 0.11 | 12.9 (10.5, 15.3) | 1.13 (0.84, 1.52) | 0.41 |
| 17 years old | 35.7 (31.5, 39.9) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.31) | 0.18 | 17.5 (14.2, 20.8) | 1.53 (1.13, 2.05) | <0.01 |
| Source of health insurance for teens | ||||||
| Provided through employment or union | 31.2 (28.7, 33.8) | Reference | 12.6 (10.9, 14.3) | Reference | ||
| Not Provided through employment or union | 38.3 (35.1, 41.5) | 1.23 (1.08, 1.39) | <0.01 | 15.0 (12.4, 17.6) | 1.18 (0.93, 1.51) | 0.17 |
| Facility type for teen’s providers | ||||||
| All public facilities | 32.8 (27.9, 37.7) | Reference | 13.5 (9.2, 17.8) | Reference | ||
| All hospital facilities | 37.0 (32.8, 41.2) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) | 0.19 | 14.6 (10.7, 18.5) | 1.08 (0.72, 1.62) | 0.71 |
| All private facilities | 33.4 (30.9, 36.0) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 0.82 | 13.2 (11.4, 15.0) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.38) | 0.88 |
| Mixed/Other | 36.5 (33.1, 40.0) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.33) | 0.22 | 14.4 (11.8, 17.1) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.54) | 0.72 |
| Do teen’s providers order vaccination from states/ local health department | ||||||
| All providers | 36.1 (34.0, 38.3) | Reference | 15.2 (13.5, 16.8) | Reference | ||
| Some but possibly not all | 29.6 (24.6, 34.6) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) | 0.02 | 8.0 (5.6, 10.4) | 0.53 (0.39, 0.72) | <0.01 |
| No providers | 29.5 (24.1, 35.0) | 0.82 (0.68, 0.99) | 0.04 | 10.7 (7.3, 14.1) | 0.71 (0.51, 0.98) | 0.04 |
| Don’t know | 31.4 (24.5, 38.3) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 0.22 | 12.0 (8.0, 16.0) | 0.79 (0.56, 1.12) | 0.19 |
| Influenza vaccinatione | ||||||
| No | 24.5 (22.0, 26.9) | Reference | 7.8 (6.3, 9.3) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 44.9 (42.3, 47.6) | 1.84 (1.64, 2.05) | <0.01 | 20.0 (17.9, 22.2) | 2.58 (2.07, 3.20) | <0.01 |
| TDAP vaccinationf | ||||||
| No | 31.4 (27.8, 35.0) | Reference | 11.1 (8.6, 13.5) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 35.2 (33.1, 37.4) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) | 0.07 | 14.3 (12.8, 15.9) | 1.30 (1.01, 1.67) | 0.04 |
| Meningitis vaccinationg | ||||||
| No | 9.0 (6.4, 11.6) | Reference | 4.0 (2.1, 5.9) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 39.8 (37.7, 42.0) | 4.43 (3.31, 5.93) | <0.01 | 15.4 (13.9, 16.9) | 3.89 (2.39, 6.35) | <0.01 |
aBold indicates significance at p < 0.05, due to rounding some significant p-values are labeled 0.05
bMultivariable Poisson regression models are not based on an explicit causal structure and therefore the estimates may suffer from a “Table 2 fallacy” as described by Westreich and Greenland: The Table 2 Fallacy: Presenting and Interpreting Confounder and Modifier Coefficients. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(4):292–298
cAdjusted multivariable Poisson regressions estimate prevalence ratios by comparing one level of each variable to the reference level. Adjusted prevalence ratios are adjusted for all sociodemographic variables in the tables. Models were ran separately for females and males
dMarital status “other” category includes: never married/widowed/divorced/separated/deceased. Ethnicity/race of teens “other” category includes: Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic Other & Multiple Race
eAdolescent has taken at least one dose of seasonal influenza vaccination in the past three years
fAdolescent has taken at least one dose of TDAP only vaccination since age 10 years old and before 13 years old
gAdolescent has taken at least one dose of Meningitis vaccination