Table 3. Contribution of Exposure to Bullying at 14 Years of Age to Mental Health at 16 Years of Age (ie, 2-Year Effect).
| Outcome, Scale (Informant) | Total No. (DZSS, MZ)a | β (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenotypic | DZ Differences | MZ Differences | ||
| Total difficulties | ||||
| Total difficulties (SDQ-Child) | 2353 (759, 929) | 0.238 (0.205 to 0.271)b | 0.238 (0.154 to 0.327)b | 0.106 (0.021 to 0.187)b |
| Anxiety (ARBQ-Parent) | 2387 (767, 940) | 0.078 (0.047 to 0.112)b | 0.051 (−0.008 to 0.112) | 0.079 (0.015 to 0.159)b |
| Anxiety (SDQ-Child) | 2354 (759, 930) | 0.129 (0.097 to 0.161)b | 0.117 (0.034 to 0.193)b | 0.117 (0.042 to 0.195)b |
| Anxiety (CASI-Child) | 2364 (766, 930) | 0.131 (0.099 to 0.164)b | 0.132 (0.058 to 0.214)b | 0.146 (0.065 to 0.220)b |
| Depression (MFQ-Parent) | 2385 (767, 937) | 0.125 (0.092 to 0.161)b | 0.101 (0.041 to 0.172)b | 0.028 (−0.060 to 0.113) |
| Depression (MFQ-Child) | 2363 (764, 930) | 0.189 (0.156 to 0.223)b | 0.163 (0.094 to 0.239)b | 0.069 (−0.033 to 0.161) |
| Inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity | ||||
| Hyperactivity (SDQ-Parent) | 2378 (765, 937) | 0.173 (0.141 to 0.205)b | 0.112 (0.034 to 0.192)b | 0.035 (−0.025 to 0.107) |
| Hyperactivity-impulsivity (Conners-Parent) | 2381 (765, 937) | 0.134 (0.100 to 0.172)b | 0.067 (0.006 to 0.134)b | −0.002 (−0.052 to 0.072) |
| Inattention (Conners-Parent) | 2382 (765, 938) | 0.185 (0.152 to 0.219)b | 0.099 (0.031 to 0.169)b | 0.041 (−0.011 to 0.118) |
| Total (Conners-Parent) | 2382 (765, 938) | 0.185 (0.151 to 0.221)b | 0.097 (0.034 to 0.164)b | 0.027 (−0.022 to 0.114) |
| Conduct problems | ||||
| Conduct problems (SDQ-Parent) | 2384 (767, 939) | 0.155 (0.121 to 0.188)b | 0.123 (0.054 to 0.198)b | 0.033 (−0.020 to 0.087) |
| Conduct problems (SDQ-Child) | 2353 (759, 930) | 0.222 (0.190 to 0.255)b | 0.210 (0.108 to 0.314)b | 0.056 (−0.044 to 0.152) |
| Psychotic-like experiences | ||||
| Paranoid thoughts (SPEQ-Child) | 2362 (765, 928) | 0.342 (0.308 to 0.377)b | 0.252 (0.179 to 0.327)b | 0.241 (0.158 to 0.333)b |
| Hallucinations (SPEQ-Child) | 2363 (765, 930) | 0.213 (0.179 to 0.247)b | 0.149 (0.073 to 0.225)b | 0.119 (0.028 to 0.214)b |
| Grandiosity (SPEQ-Child) | 2360 (765, 928) | 0.057 (0.026 to 0.088)b | 0.075 (−0.014 to 0.159) | −0.077 (−0.155 to 0.001) |
| Cognitive disorganization (SPEQ-Child) | 2360 (762, 930) | 0.194 (0.165 to 0.225)b | 0.215 (0.142 to 0.288)b | 0.146 (0.064 to 0.226)b |
| Anhedonia (SPEQ-Child) | 2359 (762, 929) | 0.152 (0.121 to 0.183)b | 0.069 (−0.016 to 0.151) | 0.047 (−0.043 to 0.135) |
| Negative symptoms (SPEQ-Parent) | 2383 (767, 936) | 0.094 (0.062 to 0.127)b | −0.011 (−0.074 to 0.047) | 0.009 (−0.040 to 0.060) |
Abbreviations: ARBQ, Anxiety-Related Behaviors Questionnaire: CASI, Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index; DZ, dizygotic; DZSS, DZ same-sex twins; MFQ, Moods and Feelings Questionnaire; MZ, monozygotic; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SPEQ, Specific Psychotic Experiences Questionnaire.
a
Opposite-sex twin pairs were excluded from the DZ analyses to control for sex.
b
Significant estimate.