Table 1. Demographic Data .
| Characteristic | cBPD | rBPD | HC | P Value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent-Samples t Test | ANOVA/χ2 | |||||||||
| Value | No. | Value | No. | Value | No. | cBPD × rBPD | cBPD × HC | rBPD × HC | ||
| Demographic data | ||||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 26.8 (5.7) | 23 | 28.5 (4.3) | 17 | 24.0 (3.4) | 80 | .30 | .02 | <.001 | .004a |
| Educational level, mean (SD), y | 11.8 (1.4) | 23 | 12.5 (1.4) | 17 | 12.6 (1.0) | 80 | .15 | .02 | .70 | .32a |
| Relationship status (No. living in a married or unmarried relationship) | 9 | 23 | 9 | 17 | 22 | 80 | NA | NA | NA | .25a |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 25.4 (5.5) | 23 | 27.6 (6.5) | 17 | 22.2 (3.0) | 80 | .25 | .01 | .004 | <.001a |
| Intelligence, mean (SD), T-score | 54.3 (3.2) | 23 | 54.7 (3.2) | 15 | 55.3 (3.3) | 33 | .73 | .25 | .52 | .50a |
| Clinical interviews | ||||||||||
| BPD symptoms: IPDE, mean (SD), total score | 6.3 (1.2) | 23 | 1.0 (1.5) | 17 | 0.03 (0.2) | 33 | <.001 | <.001 | .02 | NA |
| BPD Symptom: ZAN, mean (SD), total score | 11.3 (5.0) | 22 | 3.3 (2.7) | 17 | 0.4 (1.5) | 32 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | NA |
| GAF score, mean (SD) | 52.0 (9.7) | 21 | 69.4 (7.8) | 17 | 90.4 (6.6) | 33 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | NA |
| Self-report | ||||||||||
| BPD symptoms: BSL, mean (SD), total score | 1.9 (0.8) | 22 | 0.5 (0.5) | 17 | 0.2 (0.4) | 36 | <.001 | <.001 | .03 | NA |
| NSSI (self-injury), mean (SD), total score | 22.1 (16.0) | 22 | 0.4 (1.0) | 16 | 0.0 (0.0) | 33 | <.001 | <.001 | .11 | NA |
| FDS (dissociation), mean (SD), total score | 21.0 (11.8) | 22 | 8.3 (6.2) | 17 | 2.5 (1.8) | 36 | <.001 | <.001 | .002 | NA |
| BIS (impulsivity), mean (SD), total score | 78.1 (15.6) | 22 | 69.9 (9.4) | 17 | 55.2 (7.0) | 36 | .07 | <.001 | <.001 | NA |
| DERS (emotional regulation), mean (SD), total score | 119.2 (22.6) | 22 | 80.8 (28.5) | 17 | 52.8 (10.4) | 32 | <.001 | <.001 | .001 | NA |
| CTQ, mean (SD), total score | 60.3 (20.5) | 22 | 52.3 (15.4) | 15 | 30.0 (7.3) | 80 | .21 | <.001 | <.001 | NA |
| BDI II (depression), mean (SD), total score | 27.0 (9.0) | 22 | 8.3 (7.3) | 17 | 2.2 (3.3) | 32 | <.001 | <.001 | .004 | NA |
| Suicide attempts (if occurred), mean (SD), No. | 1.9 (0.8) | 9 | 1.7 (1.1) | 7 | NA | NA | .72 | NA | NA | NA |
| Age at first suicide attempt (if occurred), mean (SD), y | 17.7 (5.5) | 9 | 16.1 (3.8 | 8 | NA | NA | .52 | NA | NA | NA |
| Axis I disorders (DSM-IV criteria, SCID I) | ||||||||||
| Any current diagnosis, No. | 21 | 23 | 7 | 17 | 0 | 80 | NA | NA | NA | .001b |
| Any lifetime diagnosis, No. | 22 | 23 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 80 | NA | NA | NA | .38b |
| Axis II disorders (DSM-IV criteria, IPDE) | ||||||||||
| Current | ||||||||||
| Antisocial personality disorder, No. | 1 | 20 | 0 | 16 | NA | NA | NA | .43b | ||
| Avoidant personality disorder, No. | 6 | 23 | 0 | 17 | NA | NA | NA | .004b | ||
| Lifetime | ||||||||||
| Antisocial personality disorder, No. | 1 | 21 | 0 | 17 | NA | NA | NA | .27b | ||
| Avoidant personality disorder, No. | 4 | 22 | 3 | 17 | NA | NA | NA | .83b | ||
| Treatment history | ||||||||||
| Age at first treatment, mean (SD), y | 17.8 (6.8) | 18 | 16.3 (4.7) | 16 | NA | NA | .46 | NA | NA | NA |
| Age at first inpatient treatment, mean (SD), y | 21.9 (5.4) | 15 | 19.3 (5.2) | 15 | NA | NA | .19 | NA | NA | NA |
| Inpatient treatment, mean (SD), No. | 2.0 (1.6) | 16 | 2.3 (1.7) | 12 | NA | NA | .60 | NA | NA | NA |
| Outpatient treatment, mean (SD), No, | 1.9 (1.7) | 16 | 2.0 (1.0) | 12 | NA | NA | .91 | NA | NA | NA |
| Total PT duration, mean (SD), mo | 49.6 (43.9) | 16 | 41.3 (23.2) | 12 | NA | NA | .53 | NA | NA | NA |
| Behavioral PT, No. of participants | 11 | 16 | 11 | 12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | .14b |
| Depth-oriented PT, No. of participants | 6 | 16 | 3 | 12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | .48b |
| Psychoanalysis, No. of participants | 0 | 16 | 1 | 12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| DBT, No. of participants | 9 | 16 | 9 | 12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | .31b |
| Skills training, No. of participants | 10 | 16 | 8 | 12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | .82b |
| Current SSRI treatment, No. | 5 | 23 | 0 | 17 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Liftime SSRI treatment, No. | 8 | 16 | 5 | 12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | .66b |
| Lifetime other medication, No. | 7 | 16 | 6 | 12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | .74b |
Abbreviations: ANOVA, univariate analysis of variance; BDI II, Beck Depression Inventory; BIS, Barratt Impulsivity Scale; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BPD, borderline personality disorder; BSL, Borderline Symptom List; cBPD, current BPD; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; DBT, dialectical-behavioral therapy; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; FDS, questionnaire on dissociative symptoms; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; HC, healthy control; IPDE, international personality disorder examination; NA, not applicable; NSSI, nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior within the past 12 months; PT, psychotherapy; rBPD, remitted BPD; SCID-I, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; ZAN, Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder.
Analysis of variance for all participant groups.
Compared with the χ2 test on cBPD × rBPD.