Table 5. Influence of Complications on the Mean Episode Payments for Laparoscopic vs Open Colectomy Using the Instrumental Variable Models.

Variable	Laparoscopic Surgery		Open Surgery		Average (95% CI) Treatment Effect, US $	P Value
	No./Total No. (%) of Patients With Payment	Payment, US $	No./Total No. (%) of Patients With Payment	Payment, US $
Patients Without a Documented Complication (n = 320 042) (74.6%)
Total episode payments	NA	17 129	NA	19 748	−3707 (−4664 to −2751)	<.01
Index hospitalization payments	NA	12 762	NA	14 269	−979 (−544 to −1493)	.09
Physician payments when present	78 177/115 613 (67.6)	2934	137 714/204 429 (67.4)	3271	151 (−127 to 346)	.10
Mean overall	NA	1946	NA	2232	−725 (−231 to 1292)	<.01
Readmission payments when present	10 158/115 613 (8.8)	9112	30 057/204 429 (14.7)	9398	−2913 (−4325 to −1501)	<.01
Mean overall	NA	1049	NA	1244	−531 (−466 to 604)	<.01
Postacute care payments when present	39 613/115 613 (34.3)	3559	95 724/204 429 (46.8)	4433	−208 (−754 to 389)	.47
Mean overall	NA	1370	NA	2002	−1471 (−1103 to 1761)	<.01
Patients With Any Complication (n = 108 757) (25.4%)
Total episode payments	NA	34 603	NA	36 848	−3041 (−5029 to −874)	<.01
Index hospitalization payments	NA	26 002	NA	24 841	2100 (1865 to 2459)	<.01
Physician payments when present	12 719/17 915 (71.0)	5295	61 699/90 842 (67.9)	5618	797 (532 to 1027)	<.01
Mean overall	NA	3569	NA	3589	−946 (−2305 to 1258)	.22
Readmission payments when present	3053/17 915 (17.0)	9390	18 885/90 842 (20.8)	13 821	−10 647 (−13 371 to −7923)	<.01
Mean overall	NA	2240	NA	2403	−2818 (−2344 to −3324)	<.01
Postacute care payments when present	8956/17 915 (50.0)	7818	47 350/90 842 (52.1)	8786	340 (−995 to 1576)	.66
Mean overall	NA	3951	NA	4583	−1377 (−1143 to −1616)	<.01

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.