Table 1. Reported Symptoms, Cognitive Scores, and Balance Scoresa.
| Test Domain | Mean (SD) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | Effect Size | Mean (SD) by Age Group, y | Mean Difference (95% CI) [Effect Size] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys (n = 241) |
Girls (n = 234) |
5-7 (n = 64) |
8-10 (n = 222) |
11-13 (n = 191) |
5-7 y vs 8-10 y | 5-7 y vs 11-13 y | 8-10 y vs 11-13 y | |||
| Reported Symptoms | ||||||||||
| Child | ||||||||||
| Symptoms, No. (range, 0-20) | 9.9 (5.1) | 8.4 (5.3) | 1.57 (0.63 to 2.51) | 0.3 | 10.2 (4.5) | 9.6 (5.2) | 8.3 (5.4) | 0.55 (−0.86 to 1.97) [0.11] | 1.85 (0.37 to 3.32) [0.35] | 1.29 (0.26 to 2.32) [0.24] |
| Symptom severity score (range, 0-60) | 15.1 (9.8) | 11.8 (9.2) | 3.31 (1.60 to 5.02) | 0.35 | 18.2 (10.0) | 14.0 (9.5) | 11.3 (9.0) | 4.25 (1.56 to 6.93) [0.44] | 6.86 (4.22 to 9.50) [0.74] | 2.61 (0.81 to 4.42) [0.28] |
| Parentb | ||||||||||
| Symptoms, No. (range, 0-20) | 8.3 (5.5) | 7.5 (6.0) | 0.82 (−0.21 to 1.85) | 0.14 | 8.0 (6.2) | 8.2 (5.6) | 9.8 (7.9) | −0.21 (−1.82 to 1.40) [−0.04] | 0.51 (−1.14 to 2.16) [0.09] | 0.72 (−0.38 to 1.82) [0.13] |
| Symptom severity score (range, 0-60) | 11.1 (7.7) | 9.4 (8.1) | 1.63 (0.21 to 3.05) | 0.21 | 10.4 (7.9) | 10.6 (7.9) | 9.8 (7.9) | −0.25 (−2.45 to 1.95) [−0.03] | 0.59 (−1.66 to 2.83) [0.07] | 0.83 (−0.70 to 2.37) [0.11] |
| Standardized Assessment of Concussion–Child Versionc | ||||||||||
| Cognitive component | ||||||||||
| Orientation (range, 0-4) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.0) | −0.15 (−0.33 to 0.03) | −0.15 | 2.2 (1.5) | 3.3 (0.9) | 3.6 (0.6) | −1.03 (−1.32 to −0.74) [−1.0] | −1.40 (−1.65 to −1.14) [−1.56] | −0.36 (−0.51 to −0.21) [−0.48] |
| Immediate memory (range, 0-15) | 13.2 (2.0) | 13.7 (1.7) | −0.53 (−0.87 to −0.20) | −0.29 | 11.6 (2.8) | 13.4 (1.7) | 14.1 (1.1) | −1.88 (−2.44 to −1.33) [−0.95] | −2.58 (−3.06 to −2.10) [−1.53] | −0.69 (−0.98 to −0.41) [−0.47] |
| Concentration (range, 0-6) | 3.8 (1.3) | 4.1 (1.3) | −0.32 (−0.55 to −0.09) | −0.25 | 2.7 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.2) | 4.5 (1.1) | −1.26 (−1.59 to −0.93) [−1.06] | −1.81 (−2.13 to −1.48) [−1.60] | −0.55 (−0.77 to −0.32) [−0.47] |
| Delayed recall (range, 0-5) | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 0.11 (−0.12 to 0.34) | 0.08 | 3.0 (1.7) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.1) | −0.55 (−0.93 to −0.16) [−0.4] | −0.80 (−1.16 to −0.44) [−0.63] | −0.25 (−0.48 to −0.02) [−0.21] |
| Total score (range, 0-30) | 23.9 (3.9) | 24.9 (3.5) | −0.92 (−1.61 to −0.23) | −0.25 | 19.5 (5.1) | 24.3 (3.1) | 26.1 (2.1) | −4.73 (−5.77 to −3.69) [−1.29] | −6.59 (−7.49 to −5.68) [−2.1] | −1.86 (−2.39 to −1.32) [−0.68] |
| mBESS and Tandem Gait Balance Scoresd | ||||||||||
| mBESS component performed on a hard surface | ||||||||||
| Total score (range, 0-20) | 1.21 (1.5) | 0.71 (1.0) | 0.50 (0.27 to 0.74) | 0.38 | 1.67 (1.8) | 0.94 (1.3) | 0.76 (1.2) | 0.73 (0.34 to 1.11) [0.52] | 0.91 (0.53 to 1.29) [0.68] | 0.18 (−0.05 to 0.42) [0.15] |
| Double leg score | 0.03 (0.19) | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.02 | 0.05 (0.21) | 0.04 (0.23) | 0.01 (0.10) | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.08) [0.05] | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.08) [0.27] | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.06) [0.14] |
| Tandem stance score | 1.18 (1.51) | 0.68 (0.97) | 0.50 (0.27 to 0.73) | 0.39 | 1.62 (1.7) | 0.90 (1.2) | 0.75 (1.2) | 0.71 (0.34 to 1.09) [0.53] | 0.87 (0.49 to 1.25) [0.66] | 0.16 (−0.07 to 0.39) [0.13] |
| mBESS component performed on foam surfacee | ||||||||||
| Total score (range, 0-20) | 3.5 (2.5) | 3.1 (2.3) | 0.46 (0.03 to 0.89) | 0.19 | 4.2 (3.2) | 3.2 (2.3) | 3.2 (2.1) | 1.08 (0.37 to 1.80) [0.43] | 1.04 (0.34 to 1.73) [0.43] | −0.05 (−0.48 to 0.39) [−0.02] |
| Double leg score | 0.17 (0.6) | 0.20 (0.61) | −0.03 (−0.14 to 0.08) | −0.05 | 0.30 (0.71) | 0.21 (0.67) | 0.13 (0.47) | 0.09 (−0.10 to 0.28) [0.14] | 0.18 (0.02 to 0.33) [0.33] | 0.08 (−0.03 to 0.20) [0.14] |
| Tandem stance score | 3.4 (2.4) | 2.9 (2.1) | 0.49 (0.09 to 0.89) | 0.22 | 3.9 (3.0) | 2.9 (2.2) | 3.1 (2.0) | 0.99 (0.33 to 1.65) [0.42] | 0.86 (0.22 to 1.51) [0.38] | −0.13 (−0.53 to 0.28) [−0.06] |
| Tandem gait time, s | 16.4 (6.0) | 16.3 (5.9) | 0.08 (−1.05 to 1.20) | 0.01 | 22.2 (8.3) | 16.7 (5.4) | 14.0 (3.7) | 5.52 (3.72 to 7.32) [0.9] | 8.23 (6.63 to 9.82) [1.55] | 2.71 (1.74 to 3.67) [0.58] |
Abbreviation: mBESS, modified Balance Error Scoring System.
a
Scores are explained in the Instruments subsection of the Methods section.
b
Of these, 242 were parents of boys; 1 boy did not complete the symptom report, with 241 boys responding.
c
Data were missing for 1 child in the 11- to 13-year age group.
d
Data were missing for 1 girl and for 1 child each in all 3 age groups.
e
Foam surface was included as an optional mBESS test component in the Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3.