Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Deceased Patients (N = 967 013)a.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | Standardized Difference of Means | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Long-standing Residents (n = 919 499) |
Recent Immigrants (n = 47 514) |
||
| Age at death, y | |||
| Median (IQR) | 80 (68-87) | 75 (58-84) | 0.33 |
| ≤40 | 25 731 (3) | 3250 (7) | 0.19 |
| 41-60 | 109 851 (12) | 10 169 (21) | 0.26 |
| 61-80 | 346 016 (38) | 17 267 (36) | 0.03 |
| ≥81 | 437 901 (48) | 16 828 (35) | 0.25 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 461 318 (50) | 23 217 (49) | 0.03 |
| Male | 458 181 (50) | 24 297 (51) | 0.03 |
| Income quintileb | |||
| First (lowest) | 212 052 (23) | 14 373 (30) | 0.16 |
| Second | 191 583 (21) | 10 878 (23) | 0.05 |
| Third | 174 606 (19) | 9029 (19) | <0.01 |
| Fourth | 170 366 (19) | 7692 (16) | 0.06 |
| Fifth (highest) | 165 708 (18) | 5435 (12) | 0.19 |
| Metropolitan influence zonec | |||
| None (least urban) | 116 641 (13) | 742 (2) | 0.44 |
| Weak | 290 846 (32) | 5148 (11) | 0.53 |
| Moderate | 179 758 (20) | 4151 (9) | 0.31 |
| Strong (most urban) | 332 142 (36) | 37 462 (79) | 0.96 |
| Cause of deathd | |||
| Ischemic heart disease | 124 796 (14) | 5089 (11) | 0.09 |
| Cancer of lung and bronchus | 58 043 (6) | 2314 (5) | 0.06 |
| Dementia and Alzheimer disease | 53 053 (6) | 1628 (3) | 0.11 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 47 599 (5) | 2596 (6) | 0.01 |
| Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 31 778 (4) | 730 (2) | 0.12 |
| Cancer of colon, rectum, or anus | 27 878 (3) | 1323 (3) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 24 516 (3) | 1245 (3) | <0.01 |
| Influenza and pneumonia | 22 737 (3) | 1061 (2) | 0.02 |
| Cancer of lymph, blood and related | 21 853 (2) | 1333 (3) | 0.03 |
| Cancer of breast | 16 886 (2) | 1171 (3) | 0.04 |
| Others | 490 360 (53) | 29 024 (61) | 0.16 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | |||
| ≤2 | 383 790 (42) | 17 773 (37) | 0.1 |
| 3-4 | 170 153 (19) | 8623 (18) | 0.01 |
| ≥5 | 270 605 (29) | 16 477 (35) | 0.12 |
| Missinge | 94 951 (10) | 4641 (10) | |
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
This Table shows the baseline characteristics for each cohort in absolute number and percentage form. As a consequence of large sample sizes, all differences are significant by χ2 testing. The standardized difference of means is included as a more appropriate test of difference between subgroups with large sample sizes. Standardized differences show the ratio of the difference in means and SDs. Values less than 0.1 are generally considered to reflect negligible differences between subgroups.
Defined by postal code average income.
Describes the extent to which an area is urbanized, with “strong” being the most urbanized.
Selected from most common; additional information available in eTable 11 in the Supplement, which includes 67 categories of causes of death ordered by prevalence.
No admissions in final 24 months of life.