Table 3. Modified Poisson Regression for Relative Risk of Each Location of Death (N = 967 013)a.
| Variable | Intensive Care (n = 99 680) |
Hospital (Non-ICU) (n = 335 103) |
Long-term Care (77 236) |
Other (454 994) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Decedents (%) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | No. of Decedents (%) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | No. of Decedents (%) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | No. of Decedents (%) | Adjusted RR (95%) | |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| ≤40 | 4977 (5) | 1 [Reference] | 4049 (1) | 1 [Reference] | 584 (1) | 1 [Reference] | 19 371 (4) | 1 [Reference] |
| 41-60 | 18 487 (19) | 1.03 (1.00-1.06) | 33 995 (10) | 1.95 (1.90-2.02) | 7789 (10) | 2.69 (2.48-2.93) | 59 749 (13) | 0.76 (0.75-0.77) |
| 61-80 | 49 283 (49) | 0.90 (0.87-0.92) | 135 734 (41) | 2.61 (2.54-2.69) | 32 532 (42) | 3.83 (3.53-4.16) | 145 734 (32) | 0.60 (0.60-0.61) |
| ≥81 | 26 933 (27) | 0.34 (0.33-0.35) | 161 325 (48) | 2.67 (2.59-2.76) | 36 331 (47) | 4.22 (3.87-4.60) | 230 140 (51) | 0.72 (0.71-0.73) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 56 243 (56) | 1 [Reference] | 165 059 (49) | 1 [Reference] | 39 039 (51) | 1 [Reference] | 237 000 (52) | 1 [Reference] |
| Male | 43 437 (44) | 1.10 (1.08-1.11) | 170 044 (51) | 1.06 (1.05-1.06) | 38 197 (49) | 0.99 (0.97-1.00) | 217 994 (48) | 0.93 (0.93-0.94) |
| Income quintile | ||||||||
| First (lowest) | 24 250 (24) | 1 [Reference] | 78 807 (24) | 1 [Reference] | 17 997 (23) | 1 [Reference] | 105 371 (23) | 1 [Reference] |
| Second | 21 722 (22) | 1.03 (1.00-1.06) | 72 911 (22) | 1.02 (1.00-1.04) | 17 019 (22) | 1.02 (0.95-1.08) | 90 809 (20) | 0.98 (0.95-1.00) |
| Third | 18 723 (19) | 1.00 (0.97-1.03) | 64 277 (19) | 0.99 (0.97-1.01) | 14 481 (19) | 0.95 (0.90-1.00) | 86 154 (19) | 1.02 (0.99-1.04) |
| Fourth | 17 820 (18) | 0.99 (0.96-1.03) | 60 914 (18) | 0.96 (0.94-0.99) | 13 858 (18) | 0.93 (0.88-0.98) | 85 466 (19) | 1.04 (1.02-1.07) |
| Fifth (highest) | 16 647 (17) | 1.00 (0.96-1.03) | 56 619 (17) | 0.93 (0.90-0.95) | 13 391 (17) | 0.92 (0.87-0.97) | 84 486 (19) | 1.08 (1.05-1.11) |
| Metropolitan influence zoneb | ||||||||
| None (least urban) | 10 222 (10) | 1 [Reference] | 42 582 (13) | 1 [Reference] | 7550 (10) | 1 [Reference] | 57 029 (13) | 1 [Reference] |
| Weak | 28 675 (29) | 1.11 (1.06-1.16) | 99 393 (30) | 0.92 (0.90-0.95) | 26 521 (34) | 1.39 (1.31-1.48) | 141 405 (31) | 0.99 (0.95-1.02) |
| Moderate | 17 967 (18) | 1.13 (1.08-1.19) | 58 512 (17) | 0.87 (0.84-0.90) | 10 256 (13) | 0.86 (0.79-0.92) | 97 174 (21) | 1.10 (1.06-1.13) |
| Strong (most urban) | 42 806 (43) | 1.30 (1.25-1.35) | 134 580 (40) | 0.99 (0.97-0.78) | 32 901 (43) | 1.38 (1.30-1.46) | 159 317 (35) | 0.90 (0.88-0.93) |
| Cause of deathc | ||||||||
| Other | 52 341 (53) | 1 [Reference] | 149 791 (45) | 1 [Reference] | 31 053 (40) | 1 [Reference] | 228 138 (50) | 1 [Reference] |
| Cancer | 10 833 (11) | 0.36 (0.35-0.37) | 97 956 (29) | 1.32 (1.30-1.33) | 33 481 (43) | 2.31 (2.26-2.36) | 81 148 (18) | 0.77 (0.77-0.78) |
| Cardiovascular | 28 453 (29) | 1.13 (1.11-1.14) | 68 602 (20) | 0.82 (0.81-0.83) | 11 109 (14) | 0.66 (0.65-0.68) | 134 205 (29) | 1.15 (1.14-1.16) |
| Sepsis | 8053 (8) | 2.06 (2.02-2.10) | 18 754 (6) | 1.38 (1.36-1.39) | 1593 (2) | 0.56 (0.53-0.59) | 11 503 (3) | 0.59 (0.58-0.60) |
| Date of death (per year between 2004 and 2015) | 1.001 (0.999-1.003) |
0.988 (0.988-0.989) |
1.01 (1.01-1.02) | 1.001 (1.006-1.007) |
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Abbreviations: ICU, intensive care unit; RR, relative risk.
a
This Table shows the adjusted relative risks of dying in intensive care associated with each row variable estimated by modified Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations incorporating postal code geographic data as well as immigration status (see Table 2) and each variable in the rows of the table.
b
Describes the extent to which an area is urbanized, with “strong” being the most urbanized.
c
Diagnostic categories defined in eTable 11 in the Supplement, according to clinically relevant subsets of causes of death.