Table 2. Risk Ratios for the Association Between 1-SD Increase in Baseline Purpose in Life and Risk of Developing Weak Grip Strength or Slow Walking Speed 4 Years Later.
| Characteristic | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|
| Grip Strength (n = 4486)a | ||
| Model | ||
| Unadjusted | 0.76 (0.67-0.86) | <.001 |
| Age, sex, and race/ethnicity | 0.85 (0.75-0.96) | .01 |
| Demographicsb | 0.87 (0.77-0.99) | .03 |
| Demographics,b baseline health,c and depressive symptoms | 0.90 (0.79-1.02) | .11 |
| Demographics,b baseline health,c depressive symptoms, and health behaviorsd | 0.91 (0.80-1.04) | .15 |
| Walking Speed (n = 1461)e | ||
| Model | ||
| Unadjusted | 0.80 (0.75-0.85) | <.001 |
| Age, sex, and race/ethnicity | 0.83 (0.78-0.89) | <.001 |
| Demographicsb | 0.86 (0.80-0.92) | <.001 |
| Demographics,b baseline health,c and depressive symptoms | 0.89 (0.83-0.95) | .002 |
| Demographics,b baseline health,c depressive symptoms, and health behaviorsd | 0.89 (0.83-0.95) | .001 |
a
Grip strength cut point, 26 kg for men and 16 kg for women.
b
Demographic model adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, educational level, and total wealth.
c
Baseline health model adjusted for a history of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, other heart problems, stroke, cancer or malignant tumor of any kind (excluding minor skin cancer), high blood pressure, diabetes, lung disease, and arthritis or rheumatism.
d
Health behavior model adjusted for smoking, exercise, and alcohol frequency.
e
Walking speed cut point, 0.8 m/s.