Table 2. Observed 30-Day Postoperative Outcomes by Frailty.
| Characteristic | Valuea (N = 236 957) | P Value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unplanned Readmission | P Value | ED Use | P Value | In-Hospital Complication | P Value | Postdischarge Complication | P Value | Postdischarge Mortality | ||
| Overall | 26 262 (11.1) |
NA | 34 204 (14.4) |
NA | 13 855 (5.9) |
NA | 14 836 (6.3) |
NA | 1985 (0.8) |
NA |
| Specialty | ||||||||||
| Orthopedic | 7735 (7.6) |
<.001 | 11 320 (11.2) |
<.001 | 3213 (3.2) |
<.001 | 4079 (4.0) |
<.001 | 686 (0.7) |
<.001 |
| General | 11 930 (12.9) |
16 009 (17.3) |
8185 (8.8) |
7161 (7.7) |
890 (1.0) |
|||||
| Vascular | 6597 (15.4) |
6875 (16.1) |
2457 (5.7) |
3596 (8.4) |
409 (1.0) |
|||||
| Modified Frailty Indexb | ||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1-3) |
<.001 | 2.0 (1-3) |
<.001 | 2.0 (1-3) |
<.001 | 2.0 (1-3) |
<.001 | 3.0 (2-4) |
<.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 2.0 (1.5) |
<.001 | 1.7 (1.3) |
<.001 | 1.9 (1.4) |
<.001 | 2.1 (1.5) |
<.001 | 2.7 (1.5) |
<.001 |
| Components present, No.b | ||||||||||
| 0 | 3722 (7.9) |
<.001 | 6343 (13.4) |
<.001 | 1998 (4.2) |
<.001 | 1970 (4.2) |
<.001 | 122 (0.3) |
<.001 |
| 1 | 6816 (8.9) |
10 188 (13.3) |
3775 (4.9) |
3738 (4.9) |
346 (0.5) |
|||||
| 2 | 6876 (11.2) |
9011 (14.7) |
3862 (6.3) |
3879 (6.3) |
501 (0.8) |
|||||
| 3 | 4673 (14.9) |
5071 (16.2) |
2419 (7.7) |
2727 (8.7) |
480 (1.5) |
|||||
| 4 | 2513 (18.6) |
2373 (17.6) |
1148 (8.5) |
1473 (10.9) |
300 (2.2) |
|||||
| 5 | 1115 (22.5) |
851 (17.2) |
434 (8.8) |
703 (14.2) |
149 (3.0) |
|||||
| 6 | 414 (27.0) |
283 (18.5) |
172 (11.2) |
263 (17.2) |
63 (4.1) |
|||||
| 7 | 102 (29.1) |
68 (19.4) |
37 (10.5) |
65 (18.5) |
19 (5.4) |
|||||
| 8 | 25 (36.2) |
10 (14.5) |
7 (10.1) |
12 (17.4) |
4 (5.8) |
|||||
| 9 | 6 (42.9) |
6 (42.9) |
3 (21.4) |
6 (42.9) |
1 (7.1) |
|||||
| 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable.
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated. Percentages represent the column percentages of nonmissing values.
b
The Modified Frailty Index and its components are explained in the Variables subsection of the Methods section.