Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants Stratified by Progression to Dementia (N = 112).
| Characteristics | Full
Sample (n = 112) |
Progressed
MCI (n = 27) |
Stable
MCI (n = 85) |
P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 75.97 (6.88) | 78.75 (6.35) | 75.05 (6.84) | .01b |
| Women, No. (%) | 55 (49.1) | 12 (42.9) | 43 (51.2) | .45 |
| No. of medications, mean (SD) | 7.14 (3.98) | 7.43 (4.17) | 7.04 (3.94) | .66 |
| No. of comorbidities, mean (SD) | 5.56 (3.06) | 4.57 (2.85) | 5.90 (3.08) | .05b |
| BP systolic, mean (SD), mm Hg | 128.66 (10.13) | 129.78 (12.40) | 128.48 (9.84) | .72 |
| BP diastolic, mean (SD), mm Hg | 71.52 (8.04) | 71.78 (7.34) | 71.48 (8.20) | .92 |
| Comorbidities, No. (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 67 (60.4) | 19 (70.4) | 48 (57.1) | .23 |
| Diabetes | 22 (19.8) | 4 (14.8) | 18 (21.4) | .46 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 9 (8.0) | 2 (7.4) | 7 (8.2) | .89 |
| CHF | 2 (1.8) | 1 (3.7) | 1 (1.2) | .40 |
| Myocardial infarction | 11 (10.0) | 4 (14.8) | 7 (8.4) | .34 |
| Stroke/TIA | 13 (11.7) | 1 (3.7) | 12 (14.3) | .14 |
| Smoking | 37 (56.1) | 3 (37.5) | 34 (58.6) | .27 |
| Osteoarthritis | 37 (33) | 6 (5) | 31 (28) | .17 |
| MMSE score, mean (SD) | 27.46 (2.45) | 25.71 (3.15) | 28.05 (1.86) | <.001b |
| MMSE score, median (range) | 28 (18-30) | 26 (18-30) | 28 (20-30) | .002b |
| MoCA, mean (SD) | 23.14 (3.39) | 21.25 (3.05) | 23.77 (3.28) | .001b |
| APOE ε4 carrier, No. (%)c | 23 (39.0) | 5 (55.6) | 18 (36) | .28 |
| a-MCI, No. (%) | 77 (86.2) | 15 (57.4) | 62 (73.0) | <.001b |
| Multiple domain MCI, No. (%) | 30 (33) | 12 (43.4) | 18 (22.6) | .02b |
| Non a-MCI, No. (%) | 3 (3.336) | 0 | 3 (73.6) | NA |
| Cognitive tests, mean (SD) | ||||
| RAVLT, delayed recall | 4.54 (3.04) | 2.50 (1.52) | 4.77 (3.09) | .08 |
| Digit span forward | 10.97 (2.083) | 11.38 (2.72) | 10.91 (2.00) | .56 |
| Digit span backward | 6.82 (2.35) | 5.25 (1.98) | 7.03 (2.32) | .04b |
| TMT A, s | 48.74 (17.35) | 57.54 (25.08) | 47.53 (15.93) | .30 |
| TMT B, s | 151.63 (136.06) | 320.65 (294.80) | 128.31 (76.65) | .11 |
| BNT | 13.27 (1.57) | 12.13 (1.36) | 13.45 (1.54) | .03b |
| LNS | 7.62 (2.58) | 6.14 (4.14) | 7.79 (2.32) | .34 |
| Gait velocity, mean (SD), cm/s | ||||
| Single-task | 107.43(21.26) | 105.21 (21.91) | 108.13 (21.13) | .54 |
| Counting | 98.49 (26.38) | 88.42 (25.62) | 101.84 (25.92) | .03b |
| Serial sevens | 80.59 (29.21) | 70.02 (24.26) | 83.86 (29.96) | .03b |
| Naming animals | 87.46 (27.48) | 78.04 (26.90) | 90.45 (27.13) | .04b |
| Gait cost, mean (SD), No. (%) | ||||
| DTC counting | 8.82 (14.09) | 15.95 (16.01) | 6.56 (12.70) | .002b |
| DTC serials sevens | 24.54 (19.49) | 33.69 (18.67) | 21.67 (18.95) | .006b |
| DTC naming animals | 19.18 (17.27) | 26.57 (16.52) | 16.84 (16.83) | .01b |
Abbreviations: APOE, apolipoprotein E; BNT, Boston Naming Test; CHF, congestive heart failure; DTC, dual-task gait cost, calculated as ([single-task gait value – dual-task gait value]/ single-task gait value) × 100; LNS, Letter-Number Sequencing; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; NA, not applicable; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; TIA, transient ischemic attack; TMT A, Trail Making Test A; TMT B, Trail Making Test B.
a
P value determined using χ2or t tests, as deemed appropriate.
b
Statistically significant value.
c
Data available for 59 participants.