Table 2. Association of Patient- and Physician-Level Characteristics With Having a Potentially Low-Value ECG Within 30 Days After an Annual Health Examination in 2 873 357 Patientsa.
| Fixed Effects | Odds Ratio (95% CI)b |
|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | |
| Age group, y | |
| 45-64 vs 18-44 | 3.46 (3.44-3.48) |
| ≥65 vs 18-44 | 4.73 (4.67-4.79) |
| Male vs female | 1.10 (1.09-1.11) |
| Rural | 0.78 (0.77-0.80)c |
| Neighborhood income quintile | |
| 2 vs 1 (Lowest) | 1.07 (1.06-1.08) |
| 3 vs 1 (Lowest) | 1.11 (1.10-1.12) |
| 4 vs 1 (Lowest) | 1.14 (1.13-1.15) |
| 5 vs 1 (Lowest) | 1.12 (1.11-1.13) |
| Hospital admission in past 3 years | 1.02 (1.00-1.03) |
| Cancer | 1.45 (1.44-1.47) |
| COPD | 1.07 (1.05-1.08) |
| Asthma | 0.86 (0.85-0.87) |
| Mental health | 1.06 (1.05-1.07) |
| Dementia | 0.86 (0.81-0.91) |
| Rheumatologic disease | 1.27 (1.25-1.29) |
| Physician characteristics | |
| Male vs female | 1.11 (1.10-1.12) |
| IMG | 1.13 (1.12-1.14) |
| Years since graduation (mean) | |
| 21-30 vs 0-20 | 1.04 (1.04-1.05) |
| >30 vs 0-20 | 1.15 (1.14-1.16) |
| Organizational structure | |
| Family health group vs FFS | 1.55 (1.54-1.57) |
| Family health network vs FFS | 1.22 (1.06-1.40) |
| Family health organization vs FFS | 1.31 (1.28-1.35) |
| Family health team vs FFS | 0.99 (0.97-1.02) |
| Other vs FFS | 1.64 (1.59-1.70) |
| Random effect | |
| Practicec | 2.50 (2.40-2.60) |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECG, electrocardiograms; FFS, fee for service.
a
All reported values based on SAS (version 9.4) PROC GLIMMIX output; model estimation method = RSPL; denominator degrees of freedom estimation method = between and within; covariance structure = standard variance. P < .05 for all variables except family health team vs FFS (P=.71)
b
All odds ratios presented are adjusted for all other factors in the table.
c
Median odds ratio reported with 95% CI in parentheses.