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. 2017 Dec 6;74(12):1259–1265. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2816

Table 2. Estimates From Hierarchical Linear Modeling Analyses.

Characteristic	Neuroticism		Extraversion		Openness		Agreeableness		Conscientiousness
Characteristic	β (SE)	P Value	β (SE)	P Value	β (SE)	P Value	β (SE)	P Value	β (SE)	P Value
Intercept^a	45.61 (0.34)	<.001	48.84 (0.37)	<.001	48.83 (0.37)	<.001	49.50 (0.36)	<.001	52.09 (0.38)	<.001
Female	0.67 (0.41)	.10	1.20 (0.44)	.007	4.02 (0.45)	<.001	5.45 (0.43)	<.001	−0.36 (0.45)	.43
Age^b	−0.14 (0.21)	.49	−1.70 (0.23)	<.001	−1.84 (0.23)	<.001	0.63 (0.22)	.005	−0.78 (0.23)	.001
Age squared	0.01 (0.02)	.46	−0.02 (0.02)	.18	0.02 (0.02)	.18	0.00 (0.02)	.97	−0.05 (0.02)	.005
Education^b	−0.38 (0.08)	<.001	0.46 (0.08)	<.001	1.09 (0.08)	<.001	−0.09 (0.08)	.27	0.49 (0.08)	<.001
African American	−0.90 (0.52)	.09	1.44 (0.57)	.01	0.41 (0.58)	.48	0.67 (0.54)	.21	2.03 (0.57)	.001
Alzheimer disease	2.83 (0.71)	<.001	−1.74 (0.76)	.02	−1.43 (0.78)	.07	−0.98 (0.77)	.20	−3.34 (0.81)	<.001
Slope
Time	−0.07 (0.02)	<.001	−0.06 (0.02)	.001	−0.11 (0.02)	<.001	0.09 (0.02)	<.001	0.05 (0.02)	.01
Female	−0.04 (0.02)	.03	−0.03 (0.02)	.17	−0.04 (0.02)	.05	0.08 (0.02)	<.001	−0.02 (0.02)	.34
Age^b	0.07 (0.01)	<.001	−0.04 (0.01)	.001	−0.02 (0.01)	.09	−0.04 (0.01)	<.001	−0.08 (0.01)	<.001
Age squared	0.00 (0.00)	.003	0.00 (0.00)	.12	0.00 (0.00)	.002	0.00 (0.00)	.78	0.00 (0.00)	.04
Education^b	0.00 (0.00)	.36	0.00 (0.00)	.42	0.00 (0.00)	.20	0.00 (0.00)	.90	0.00 (0.00)	.28
African American	0.10 (0.03)	<.001	−0.05 (0.02)	.05	0.05 (0.03)	.05	−0.05 (0.03)	.07	−0.01 (0.03)	.65
Alzheimer disease	0.00 (0.04)	.91	0.06 (0.04)	.10	−0.04 (0.04)	.29	0.01 (0.05)	.75	−0.06 (0.05)	.24

^{^a}

Intercept refers to last assessment: n = 1881 (nonimpaired, 1687; AD, 194).

^{^b}

Group mean centering was used for age (in decade) and education.