Table 2. Estimates From Hierarchical Linear Modeling Analyses.
Characteristic | Neuroticism | Extraversion | Openness | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | P Value | β (SE) | P Value | β (SE) | P Value | β (SE) | P Value | β (SE) | P Value | |
Intercepta | 45.61 (0.34) | <.001 | 48.84 (0.37) | <.001 | 48.83 (0.37) | <.001 | 49.50 (0.36) | <.001 | 52.09 (0.38) | <.001 |
Female | 0.67 (0.41) | .10 | 1.20 (0.44) | .007 | 4.02 (0.45) | <.001 | 5.45 (0.43) | <.001 | −0.36 (0.45) | .43 |
Ageb | −0.14 (0.21) | .49 | −1.70 (0.23) | <.001 | −1.84 (0.23) | <.001 | 0.63 (0.22) | .005 | −0.78 (0.23) | .001 |
Age squared | 0.01 (0.02) | .46 | −0.02 (0.02) | .18 | 0.02 (0.02) | .18 | 0.00 (0.02) | .97 | −0.05 (0.02) | .005 |
Educationb | −0.38 (0.08) | <.001 | 0.46 (0.08) | <.001 | 1.09 (0.08) | <.001 | −0.09 (0.08) | .27 | 0.49 (0.08) | <.001 |
African American | −0.90 (0.52) | .09 | 1.44 (0.57) | .01 | 0.41 (0.58) | .48 | 0.67 (0.54) | .21 | 2.03 (0.57) | .001 |
Alzheimer disease | 2.83 (0.71) | <.001 | −1.74 (0.76) | .02 | −1.43 (0.78) | .07 | −0.98 (0.77) | .20 | −3.34 (0.81) | <.001 |
Slope | ||||||||||
Time | −0.07 (0.02) | <.001 | −0.06 (0.02) | .001 | −0.11 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.09 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.05 (0.02) | .01 |
Female | −0.04 (0.02) | .03 | −0.03 (0.02) | .17 | −0.04 (0.02) | .05 | 0.08 (0.02) | <.001 | −0.02 (0.02) | .34 |
Ageb | 0.07 (0.01) | <.001 | −0.04 (0.01) | .001 | −0.02 (0.01) | .09 | −0.04 (0.01) | <.001 | −0.08 (0.01) | <.001 |
Age squared | 0.00 (0.00) | .003 | 0.00 (0.00) | .12 | 0.00 (0.00) | .002 | 0.00 (0.00) | .78 | 0.00 (0.00) | .04 |
Educationb | 0.00 (0.00) | .36 | 0.00 (0.00) | .42 | 0.00 (0.00) | .20 | 0.00 (0.00) | .90 | 0.00 (0.00) | .28 |
African American | 0.10 (0.03) | <.001 | −0.05 (0.02) | .05 | 0.05 (0.03) | .05 | −0.05 (0.03) | .07 | −0.01 (0.03) | .65 |
Alzheimer disease | 0.00 (0.04) | .91 | 0.06 (0.04) | .10 | −0.04 (0.04) | .29 | 0.01 (0.05) | .75 | −0.06 (0.05) | .24 |
Intercept refers to last assessment: n = 1881 (nonimpaired, 1687; AD, 194).
Group mean centering was used for age (in decade) and education.