Table 3.

Summary of codons usage studies in non-grass monocots

Parameters	Orchidaceae		Arecaceae	Arecaceae	Liliaceae		Musaceae		Amaryllidaceae
Species	Phalaenopsis aphrodite	Oncidium Gower Ramsey	Phoenix dactylifera	Elaeis guineensis	Colchicum autumnale	Gloriosa superba	Musa acuminata		Allium cepa
Genome type	Chloroplast	Chloroplast	Chloroplast	Nuclear	Chloroplast	Chloroplast	Nuclear	Chloroplast	43.50 %
GC content (%)		37.00		48–50.8
AT content (%)		62.68
Codon preference at 3rd codon position	A or T	A or T			A or T		G or C	A or T	G or C
Main factor for shaping codon usage		Mutational bias		GC-biased gene conversion			GC-biased gene conversion
Total codons representing all the protein- coding genes			22 950	22 950
Most preferred stop codon				TGA
Most frequent amino acids			Isoleucine		Isoleucine	Isoleucine		Isoleucine, leucine
Least frequent amino acids			Cysteine					Cysteine
Reference(s)	Chang et al. (2006)	Xu et al. (2011)	Yang et al. (2010)	Jouannic et al. (2005), Nakamura et al. (2000), Low et al. (2008), Ho et al. (2007), Clément et al. (2017)	Nguyen et al. (2015)	Nguyen et al. (2015)	Clément et al. (2017)	D’Hont et al. (2012), Martin et al. (2013)	Kuhl et al. (2004)