Table 2.
Variable | Group | Time | Descriptive Statistics | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Minimum | Median | Maximum | p-value | |||
Orientation and attention |
Training | Pre-test | 16.09 | 1.97 | 8.00 | 17.00 | 18.00 | 0.006 |
Post-test | 16.52 | 2.12 | 7.00 | 17.00 | 18.00 | |||
Control | Pre-test | 15.86 | 2.21 | 8.00 | 16.50 | 18.00 | 0.272 | |
Post-test | 16.13 | 2.00 | 11.00 | 16.00 | 18.00 | |||
Memory | Training | Pre-test | 19.59 | 4.79 | 4.00 | 20.00 | 26.00 | 0.991 |
Post-test | 19.80 | 4.72 | 4.00 | 20.00 | 26.00 | |||
Control | Pre-test | 18.14 | 5.19 | 8.00 | 19.00 | 26.00 | 0.241 | |
Post-test | 18.87 | 4.88 | 11.00 | 19.00 | 25.00 | |||
Fluency | Training | Pre-test | 8.97 | 2.78 | 3.00 | 9.00 | 14.00 | 0.047 |
Post-test | 9.72 | 2.64 | 4.00 | 10.00 | 14.00 | |||
Control | Pre-test | 8.68 | 2.36 | 3.00 | 9.00 | 12.00 | 1.000 | |
Post-test | 9.40 | 2.29 | 6.00 | 9.00 | 14.00 | |||
Language | Training | Pre-test | 23.10 | 2.95 | 12.00 | 24.00 | 26.00 | 0.005 |
Post-test | 24.08 | 2.13 | 15.00 | 25.00 | 26.00 | |||
Control | Pre-test | 22.27 | 4.10 | 11.00 | 24.00 | 26.00 | 0.008 | |
Post-test | 24.00 | 2.73 | 17.00 | 25.00 | 26.00 | |||
Visuo-spatial skills | Training | Pre-test | 13.79 | 2.08 | 8.00 | 14.00 | 19.00 | 0.019 |
Post-test | 14.52 | 1.96 | 6.00 | 15.00 | 16.00 | |||
Control | Pre-test | 13.45 | 2.58 | 8.00 | 13.50 | 16.00 | 0.784 | |
Post-test | 14.00 | 1.77 | 9.00 | 14.00 | 16.00 | |||
MMSE | Training | Pre-test | 26.26 | 2.98 | 11.00 | 27.00 | 30.00 | 0.017 |
Post-test | 27.07 | 2.73 | 13.00 | 28.00 | 30.00 | |||
Control | Pre-test | 26.18 | 3.69 | 12.00 | 27.00 | 30.00 | 0.826 | |
Post-test | 26.33 | 2.55 | 19.00 | 27.00 | 29.00 | |||
ACE-R/ Total | Training | Pre-test | 81.55 | 11.67 | 37.00 | 84.00 | 99.00 | 0.004 |
Post-test | 84.68 | 10.41 | 43.00 | 86.00 | 98.00 | |||
Control | Pre-test | 78.41 | 12.62 | 44.00 | 81.00 | 94.00 | 0.060 | |
Post-test | 82.40 | 10.47 | 57.00 | 86.00 | 97.00 |
* Wilcoxon test for related or paired samples. ** ACE-R: Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised. MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.