Table 2.
Effect of Probiotics on Bone (Animal Studies)
| Probiotic Strain | Animal Model | Duration | Analysis Method | Bone Effects | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis | Broiler | 6 weeks | Measuring Calipers | ↑ Tibia lateral and medial wall thickness | (63) |
| Brewer’s yeast | Broiler | 9 weeks | Visual | ↓ Tibial dyschondroplasia | (64) |
| Lactobacillus | Broiler | 28 days | Atomic absorption spectrophotometry Phosphomolybdic Acid method |
↑ Ca and P retention | (65) |
| Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 6475) | Male mice | 4 weeks | μCT | ↑ Bone volume fraction ↑ Trabecular number ↑ Trabecular thickness ↑ Bone mineral content ↑ Bone mineral density ↑ Osteocalcin ↑ Bone formation rate |
(66) |
| Female mice (OVX) | 4 weeks | μCT | ↑ Bone volume fraction ↑ Bone mineral content ↑ Bone mineral density ↓ RANKL gene expression ↓ TRAP5 expression |
(67) | |
| Female Mice (Dorsal Surgery) | 8 weeks | μCT | ↑ Bone volume fraction ↑ Mineral apposition rate ↓ RANKL gene expression ↑ OPG gene expression ↑ IL-10 gene expression |
(68) | |
| Male Mice (STZ-induced Type 1 Diabetes) | 4 weeks | μCT | ↑ Bone volume fraction ↑ Bone mineral content ↑ Bone mineral density ↑ Mineral apposition rate ↑ Serum osteocalcin ↑ Wnt10b expression |
(38) | |
| Lactobacillus casei, L. reuteri and L. gasseri | Rats | ↑ Bone mineral content ↑ Ca absorption |
(69) | ||
| Bifidobacterium longum – fermented broccoli | Male Wistar Rats | 12 weeks | Histology | ↓ TRAP+ osteoclasts | (70) |
| Bifidobacterium longum (ATCC 15707) | Male Wistar Rats | 28 days | Texture analyzer Plasma emission spectrophotometry |
↑ Tibial Ca, P and Mg content ↑ Fracture strength |
(71) |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HN001) | Male Sprague-Dawlry Rats | 3 weeks | DEXA | ↑ Ca and Mg retention | (72) |
| Female Sprague-Dawlry Rats (OVX) | 3 months | DEXA | ↓ Bone loss | (72) | |
| Female Mice (OVX) | 4 weeks | μCT | ↑ Bone volume fraction ↑ Serum osteocalcin ↓ RANKL gene expression ↓ TNFα gene expression ↓ IL-17 gene expression |
(54) | |
| L. paracasei (NTU 101) or L. plantarum (NTU 102)-fermented soy milk | Female mice (OVX) | 8 weeks | μCT SEM |
↑ Bone volume fraction ↑ Trabecular number |
(73) |
| L. paracasei or L. paracasei and L. plantarum | Female mice (OVX) | 6 weeks | μCT | ↑ Cortical Bone mineral content ↑ Cortical area ↑ OPG Expression |
(74) |
| L. casei 393-fermented milk | Female Sprague-Dawlry Rats (OVX) | 6 weeks | DEXA Texture Analyzer Plasma emission spectrophotometry |
↑ Bone mineral density ↑ Fracture strength ↑ Ca content ↓ TRAP activity |
(75) |
| L. helveticus-fermented milk | Spontaneously hypertensive male rats | 14 weeks | DEXA Plasma emission spectrophotometry |
↑ Bone mineral density ↑ Bone mineral content |
(76) |
| L. casei and L. acidophilus | Female wistar rat (adjuvant-induced arthritis) | 12 days | X-ray | ↓ Bone loss | (77) |
| Enterococcus faecium (with methotrexate) | Male Lewis rat (adjuvant-induced arthritis) | 50 days | DEXA X-ray |
↑ anti-inflammatory effects ↑ anti-arthritic effects |
(78) |