Table 2.

Characteristics of patients receiving noninvasive ventilation by strong evidence condition hospital quartile

	Hospital Quartile 1 (n = 4,553)	Hospital Quartile 2 (n = 7,144)	Hospital Quartile 3 (n = 6,626)	Hospital Quartile 4 (n = 4,383)	P Value*
No. of Hospitals	53	54	52	53
NIV-SEC rate, %	18.6	26.8	33.5	42.0
Age, mean (SD), yr	68.8 (15.4)	69.1 (15.4)	69.5 (14.7)	68.0 (14.9)	0.07
Female, %	51.1	53.2	53.5	53.4	0.06
Race/ethnicity, %					<0.0001
White	62.7	58.3	55.7	52.2
Black	8.2	9.4	11.3	21.0
Hispanic	13.3	17.2	18.3	15.9
Other†	15.8	15.0	14.7	10.9
Primary payer, %					<0.0001
Medicare	66.3	65.0	69.0	66.8
Medicaid	11.3	15.5	15.9	19.3
Private Insurance	17.2	14.1	9.4	8.9
Other†	5.3	5.4	5.7	5.0
Median income of patient ZIP code, %					<0.0001
Low	18.1	22.9	34.2	47.2
Low middle	22.4	26.8	30.3	17.9
Upper middle	25.3	24.1	21.5	22.1
High	31.5	24.7	12.1	11.0
Other†	2.8	1.5	1.9	1.8
Elixhauser comorbidity score, mean (SD)‡	9.3 (8.2)	9.2 (8.1)	9.2 (8.1)	8.6 (8.1)	<0.0001
Shock POA, %	11.2	12.7	11.3	9.5	0.0014
Acute respiratory failure POA, %	29.3	37.0	38.5	41.2	<0.0001
Acute renal failure POA, %	19.9	21.3	20.2	20.3	0.87
Acute neurologic failure POA, %	8.0	8.0	7.6	6.6	0.01
Acute hematologic failure POA, %	8.4	8.3	7.8	6.7	0.0019
Acute hepatic failure POA, %	2.0	1.8	1.7	1.7	0.23
Acute metabolic failure POA, %	12.0	11.5	12.4	11.6	0.97

Definition of abbreviations: NIV = noninvasive ventilation; POA = present on admission; SEC = strong evidence condition.

^*Mantel-Haenszel chi-square and Cochrane-Armitage tests for trends were used for categorical variables, and linear regression to test for trends across quartiles was used for continuous variables.

^†Includes patients with missing data.

^‡Calculated without cardiac arrhythmia comorbidity per HCUP (Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project) software (33).