Table 3.
Age- and sex-adjusted mean differences or percentage differences (95% CI) for offspring characteristics across groups of maternal prepregnancy BMI comparing offspring of mothers with GDM to control subjects
| Maternal prepregnancy BMI <18.5 |
Maternal prepregnancy BMI 18.5-<25 |
Maternal prepregnancy BMI 25-<30 |
Maternal prepregnancy BMI ≥30 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean difference or % difference* (95% CI) | P | N | Mean difference or % difference* (95% CI) | P | N | Mean difference or % difference* (95% CI) | P | N | Mean difference or % difference* (95% CI) | P | |
| Anthropometric characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Weight (kg) | 44 | −2.04 (−7.64, 3.55) | 0.46 | 646 | 3.24 (1.79, 4.70) | <0.001 | 233 | 1.34 (−1.63, 4.31) | 0.37 | 180 | 1.43 (−2.86, 5.73) | 0.51 |
| Height (cm) | 44 | −2.63 (−9.01, 3.75) | 0.41 | 646 | 1.56 (0.36, 2.76) | 0.01 | 234 | −0.63 (−2.78, 1.52) | 0.57 | 180 | −0.08 (−2.97, 2.80) | 0.95 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 44 | −2% (−12 to 9%) | 0.72 | 646 | 5% (3–7%) | <0.001 | 234 | 4% (−1 to 9%) | 0.12 | 180 | 3% (−3 to 10%) | 0.34 |
| Waist (cm) | 44 | 1.34 (−4.32, 7.00) | 0.63 | 645 | 2.66 (1.51, 3.82) | <0.001 | 232 | 3.00 (0.22, 5.78) | 0.03 | 180 | 2.25 (−1.86, 6.37) | 0.28 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 44 | −1.74 (−5.90, 2.41) | 0.40 | 646 | 1.80 (0.66, 2.94) | 0.002 | 233 | 1.18 (−1.07, 3.43) | 0.30 | 179 | 1.68 (−1.61, 4.97) | 0.32 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 44 | −1.14 (−2.43, 0.15) | 0.08 | 644 | 0.42 (0.08, 0.76) | 0.01 | 230 | 0.53 (0.03, 1.03) | 0.04 | 179 | −0.22 (−0.98, 0.55) | 0.58 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 44 | −0.29 (−7.62, 7.04) | 0.94 | 645 | 1.56 (0.16, 2.97) | 0.03 | 231 | −0.54 (−2.74, 1.65) | 0.63 | 178 | −0.75 (−3.80, 2.30) | 0.63 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 44 | 0.68 (−4.00, 5.36) | 0.77 | 644 | −0.34 (−1.37, 0.70) | 0.53 | 231 | 0.06 (−1.50, 1.62) | 0.94 | 178 | −1.22 (−3.54, 1.09) | 0.30 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 44 | 8.87 (−1.48, 19.22) | 0.09 | 640 | 0.33 (−1.27, 1.93) | 0.69 | 227 | 1.94 (−0.74, 4.62) | 0.16 | 174 | −1.26 (−4.87, 2.34) | 0.49 |
| Metabolic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Whole-blood fasting glucose (mmol/L)* | 44 | 2% (−2 to 16%) | 0.79 | 609 | 2% (1–5%) | 0.07 | 222 | 4% (1–8%) | 0.02 | 165 | 1% (−3 to 6%) | 0.57 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L)* | 41 | −3% (−12 to 6%) | 0.46 | 574 | 4% (2–6%) | 0.0001 | 210 | 4% (1–7%) | 0.01 | 156 | 1% (−3 to 5%) | 0.64 |
| C-peptide (pmol/L) | 40 | 155 (−4, 313) | 0.06 | 572 | 26 (−5, 57) | 0.10 | 213 | −5 (−62, 52) | 0.87 | 154 | 43 (−33, 119) | 0.26 |
| Insulin (pmol/L)* | 39 | 10% (−14 to 59%) | 0.60 | 559 | 11% (2–21%) | 0.02 | 204 | −1% (−13 to 13%) | 0.99 | 150 | 19% (−1 to 43%) | 0.06 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L)* | 40 | 5% (−17 to 51%) | 0.79 | 573 | 5% (−1 to 11%) | 0.12 | 214 | −6% (−17 to 6%) | 0.29 | 154 | 8% (−8 to 27%) | 0.36 |
| HOMA-IR* | 39 | 9% (−27 to 62%) | 0.68 | 551 | 15% (5–26%) | 0.002 | 201 | 3% (−11 to 19%) | 0.68 | 148 | 22% (−1 to 50%) | 0.06 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 40 | −0.10 (−0.41, 0.20) | 0.50 | 573 | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.03) | 0.30 | 214 | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.08) | 0.57 | 154 | −0.01 (−0.15, 0.12) | 0.84 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 40 | 0.02 (−0.51, 0.55) | 0.94 | 573 | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.12) | 0.76 | 214 | 0.13 (−0.07, 0.33) | 0.19 | 154 | 0.03 (−0.23, 0.28) | 0.84 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 40 | −0.01 (−0.64, 0.61) | 0.97 | 573 | 0.001 (−0.12, 0.12) | 0.98 | 214 | 0.15 (−0.07, 0.36) | 0.18 | 154 | −0.01 (−0.29, 0.26) | 0.93 |
| Body composition | ||||||||||||
| Total fat (%) | 36 | 1.11 (−7.29, 9.50) | 0.79 | 393 | 2.03 (0.42, 3.64) | 0.01 | 113 | 1.34 (−1.63, 4.30) | 0.37 | 69 | 0.43 (−3.58, 4.43) | 0.83 |
| Lean mass (%) | 36 | −0.98 (−8.73, 6.77) | 0.80 | 393 | −1.91 (−3.40, −0.41) | 0.01 | 113 | −1.26 (−4.01, 1.50) | 0.37 | 69 | −0.47 (−4.19, 3.25) | 0.80 |
| Total android tissue (% fat)* | 36 | 6% (−43 to 97%) | 0.85 | 393 | 12% (1–26%) | 0.06 | 113 | 3% (−14 to 24%) | 0.74 | 69 | 1% (−19 to 26%) | 0.94 |
| Total gynoid tissue (% fat) | 36 | 0.69 (−8.02, 9.41) | 0.87 | 393 | 1.69 (−0.07, 3.45) | 0.06 | 113 | 0.72 (−2.19, 3.63) | 0.63 | 69 | 0.20 (−3.50, 3.90) | 0.92 |
| Fat distribution (android/gynoid ratio) | 36 | 0.06 (−0.17, 0.28) | 0.60 | 393 | 0.05 (−0.004, 0.09) | 0.05 | 113 | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.10) | 0.57 | 69 | 0.004 (−0.09, 0.10) | 0.94 |
| Total bone mass density (mg/cm2) | 36 | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.06) | 0.44 | 393 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | 0.45 | 113 | 0.001 (−0.03, 0.04) | 0.96 | 69 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.79 |
Age- and sex-adjusted mean differences or *% differences (95% CI) for offspring characteristics across groups of prepregnancy BMI comparing offspring of mothers with GDM to control offspring.