Figure 1.

Characterization of persistent CVB4 infection in Panc-1 cells. A persistent CVB4 infection was established in Panc-1 cells. Cells were observed under an inverted microscope (initial magnification X 200) (a). Viral titer in supernatants was determined using end point dilution assay (b). Intracellular viral RNA was quantified using a real-time RT-qPCR (c). PDX-1 mRNA was assessed during persistent infection by using real-time RT-qPCR and expressed as fold-change as compared with uninfected cells (d). Results presented (b-e) are mean +/− SD of 3 independent persistent infections.