Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Variables | Baseline (n = 282) | Year 1 (n = 255) | Year 2 (n = 225) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 67.7 ± 8.6 | 68.6 ± 8.6 | 69.6 ± 8.6 |
| Sex, male | 226 (80) | 203 (80) | 181 (80) |
| Race, white | 246 (87) | 225 (88) | 201 (89) |
| Education, some college or more | 218 (77) | 197 (77) | 176 (78) |
| Income, ≥$20K/yr | 172 (62) | 161 (64) | 141 (64) |
| Currently employed | 42 (15) | 39 (15) | 25 (11) |
| Alcohol misuse* | 54 (19) | 44 (17) | 39 (17) |
| FEV1% predicted | 44.9 ± 15.7 | 46.5 ± 16.7 | 44.9 ± 17.3 |
| BODE Index (↓0–10) | 3.7 ± 2.3 | 3.5 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 2.4 |
| O2 supplementation | 98 (34) | 91 (36) | 93 (41) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 1 | 138 (49) | 121 (48) | 109 (48) |
| HADS-Depression (↓0–21) | 4.2 ± 4.1 | 3.2 ± 4.0 | 3.0 ± 3.3 |
| HADS-Anxiety (↓0–21) | 5.0 ± 3.9 | 3.6 ± 3.8 | 3.3 ± 3.6 |
| Structural social support | |||
| Marital status: partnered | 163 (58) | 147 (58) | 124 (55) |
| Live with others | 211 (75) | 190 (75) | 162 (72) |
| Report having ≥6 close friends or relatives | 125 (44) | 112 (45) | 108 (48) |
| Presence of unpaid caregiver† | n = 215 | ||
| Partner | N/A | N/A | 117 (54) |
| Other (child, sibling, friend) | N/A | N/A | 76 (35) |
| None | N/A | N/A | 22 (10) |
| Functional social support | |||
| MOSSS, total (↑0–100) | 68.4 ± 27.8 | 73.8 ± 24.9 | 73.5 ± 25.1 |
| Emotional/informational | 66.7 ± 28.3 | 71.8 ± 25.1 | 72.8 ± 25.8 |
| Tangible | 70.5 ± 29.4 | 73.6 ± 26.9 | 73.2 ± 29.1 |
| Affectionate | 72.0 ± 32.3 | 78.6 ± 28.9 | 76.7 ± 30.1 |
| Positive social interaction | 70.6 ± 30.2 | 76.1 ± 27.0 | 75.4 ± 27.0 |
| Self-care behaviors | |||
| Physical activity, total steps/d | 6,001.5 ± 3,341.8 | 5,830.6 ± 3,260.7 | 5,527.7 ± 3,121.0 |
| Current smoker | 86 (29) | 67 (25) | 60 (25) |
| Participation in pulmonary rehabilitation | 83 (28) | 84 (32) | 82 (35) |
| Received influenza vaccination in the last year | 262 (87) | 234 (88) | 201 (85) |
| Received pneumococcal vaccination in the past | 252 (84) | 223 (84) | 200 (85) |
| Full adherence with inhaler or nebulizer medication | 81 (29) | 77 (31) | 70 (32) |
Definition of abbreviations: BODE = body mass index, obstruction, dyspnea, exercise; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MOSSS = Medical Outcomes Social Support Survey; N/A = not applicable.
Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± SD. Direction of arrows represents scores reflecting better health: ↑ indicates that higher scores are better health; ↓ indicates that lower scores are better health.
*
Possible alcohol misuse based on an Audit C score ≥4 in men or ≥3 in women.
†
Because this question was added after the study started, we only have data for the second year of follow-up.