Table 3.
Nutraceutical targeting of metabolic pathways in the rheumatic diseasesa
| Nutrient | Mechanism of action | Disease or model | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Extra‐virgin olive oil | Antioxidant | Pristane nephritis | Protection |
| Acidic drinking water | Microbiome shift | SNF1 lupus | Protection |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid | CD4+ T cells | (NZB × NZW)F1 lupus | Protection |
| Fish oil | IL‐1, IL‐6, TNF | (NZB × NZW)F1 lupus | Protection |
| Apo A‐I mimetic L‐4F | aPL | ApoE–/CD95– lupus | Protection |
| Taurine | Antioxidant | (NZB × NZW)F1 hepatitis | Protection |
| Indole‐3‐carbinol | Antioxidant | (NZB × NZW)F1 lupus | Protection |
| Triterpenoid | Antioxidant/mTOR | MRL/lpr nephritis | Protection |
| Omega‐3 fatty acid | TNF blockade | CIA | Protection |
| Curcumin | BAFF | CIA | Protection |
| Fructo‐oligosaccharides | Microbiota | Colitis/HLA–B27 | Protection |
| Weight gain | Oxidative stress | MRL/lpr nephritis | Exacerbation |
| High‐fat diet | Apo E | Lupus‐like nephritis | Exacerbation |
| High‐fat diet | LDL receptor | Lupus‐like nephritis | Exacerbation |
| High‐fat diet | TLR‐4 | CIA | Exacerbation |
a
Literature references are listed in Supplementary Table 2 (available on the Arthritis & Rheumatology web site at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.40223/abstract). IL‐1 = interleukin‐1; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; Apo A‐I = apolipoprotein A‐I; aPL = antiphospholipid antibodies; mTOR = mechanistic target of rapamycin; CIA = type II collagen–induced arthritis; LDL = low‐density lipoprotein; TLR‐4 = Toll‐like receptor 4.