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. 2017 Dec 1;7:16736. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16930-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The proposed model of MS6021 function during anther cuticle and exine development in maize. Fatty acids are de novo synthesized in the form of esterified ACP in plastids. The palmitoyl-ACP could be reduced to corresponding alcohol and then be transported from plastids to ER. Hexadecanol is converted to fatty acid¹⁹. The hydroxylated fatty acid would be oxygenated by P450 to form hydroxy fatty acid, which is further oxygenated by IPE1⁴³, or participate in VLFAs biosynthesis. The intermediate metabolites interplayed with phenylpropanoid metabolism, which functioned as supplier for sporopollenin synthesis⁸. Finally, the cutin, wax and sporopollenin precursors are translocated from the tapetal cells into the locule and anther epidermis by ATP binding cassette transporters^{29,30,32,44,54}, lipid transport proteins³³ and multidrug and toxic efflux transporters⁴.