Table 1.
Demographic and clinical features of all participants.
| Features | Patients with FOG (n = 31) | Patients without FOG (n = 31) | Healthy controls (n = 32) | F/T | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (m/f) | 14/17 | 20/11 | 17/15 | 2.365 | 0.307a |
| Age, years | 60.87 ± 8.14 | 58.03 ± 9.78 | 58.34 ± 7.25 | 1.057 | 0.352b |
| Disease Duration, years | 7.90 ± 5.06 | 5.23 ± 3.46 | — | 2.430 | 0.018c* |
| Onset Age, years | 52.68 ± 8.23 | 52.84 ± 10.56 | — | −0.067 | 0.947c |
| Onset Side (R/L/B) | 11/15/5 | 10/18/3 | — | 0.820 | 0.664a |
| H-Y stage (OFF) | 2.56 ± 0.73 | 1.92 ± 0.62 | — | 3.757 | 0.000c* |
| MDS-UPDRS III (OFF) | 41.48 ± 17.18 | 30.81 ± 14.41 | — | 2.651 | 0.010c* |
| FOG duration, years | 1.95 ± 1.62 | — | |||
| NFOGQ-II | 15.13 ± 3.32 | — | — | — | — |
| NFOGQ-III | 5.77 ± 2.32 | — | — | — | — |
| LEDD, mg/d | 704.67 ± 381.15 | 396.67 ± 296.06 | — | 3.495 | 0.000c* |
| MMSE | 28.48 ± 2.03 | 27.84 ± 1.73 | 28.59 ± 1.43 | 1.704 | 0.188b |
| MoCA | 25.58 ± 3.66 | 24.81 ± 2.99 | 26.16 ± 3.41 | 1.274 | 0.285b |
| Executive Function sub-score | 3.23 ± 0.99 | 3.03 ± 0.96 | 3.13 ± 0.98 | 0.296 | 0.744b |
| HAMD | 7.74 ± 4.70 | 6.32 ± 4.90 | 3.03 ± 2.92 | 10.180 | 0.000b* |
Means and SD are shown for continuous variables. FOG: freezing of gait; Onset Side (R/L/B): Right/Left/Bilateral onset; H-Y stage: Hoehn and Yahr stage; MDS-UPDRS III: Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor score; NFOGQ: new freezing of gait questionnaire; LEDD: levodopa equivalent daily dose; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale. achi-square test; bvariance analysis; ctwo independent sample t-test.