Table 2.
Measurements | Patients with FOG | Patients without FOG | Healthy controls | F | p | p1 | p2 | p3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Duration | 59.01 ± 25.87 | 46.99 ± 6.33 | 42.07 ± 1.80 | 10.130 | 0.000* | 0.003# | 0.000# | 0.206 |
Step Initiation | ||||||||
APA duration (s) | 0.51 ± 0.24 | 0.58 ± 0.32 | 0.56 ± 0.31 | 0.598 | 0.552 | 0.292 | 0.445 | 0.764 |
APA latency (s) | 0.83 ± 1.27 | 0.68 ± 0.95 | 0.36 ± 0.16 | 2.148 | 0.123 | 0.515 | 0.045 | 0.174 |
First step range of motion (degrees) | 22.80 ± 9.27 | 32.94 ± 9.63 | 40.61 ± 7.42 | 32.289 | 0.000* | 0.000# | 0.000# | 0.001# |
First step latency (s) | 0.83 ± 1.27 | 0.68 ± 0.95 | 0.36 ± 0.16 | 2.148 | 0.123 | 0.515 | 0.045 | 0.174 |
Straight Walking | ||||||||
Stride length (m) | 0.98 ± 0.29 | 1.26 ± 0.18 | 1.40 ± 0.09 | 34.927 | 0.000* | 0.000# | 0.000# | 0.006# |
Stride velocity (m/s) | 0.94 ± 0.27 | 1.16 ± 0.19 | 1.34 ± 0.09 | 33.357 | 0.000* | 0.000# | 0.000# | 0.000# |
Cadence (steps/min) | 118.92 ± 22.00 | 110.53 ± 8.71 | 115.00 ± 8.14 | 2.640 | 0.077 | 0.024# | 0.282 | 0.221 |
Double support time (% gait cycle) | 23.65 ± 8.02 | 21.71 ± 4.66 | 20.91 ± 4.08 | 1.831 | 0.166 | 0.192 | 0.066 | 0.590 |
Swing time (% gait cycle) | 38.17 ± 4.01 | 39.15 ± 2.33 | 39.54 ± 2.04 | 1.831 | 0.166 | 0.192 | 0.066 | 0.590 |
Stance time (% gait cycle) | 61.83 ± 4.01 | 60.85 ± 2.33 | 60.46 ± 2.04 | 1.831 | 0.166 | 0.192 | 0.066 | 0.590 |
Arm swing amplitude (degrees) | 9.73 ± 6.65 | 14.34 ± 9.40 | 16.79 ± 10.56 | 4.907 | 0.010* | 0.049# | 0.003# | 0.290 |
Turning | ||||||||
Turn duration (s) | 5.34 ± 3.21 | 3.03 ± 0.71 | 2.28 ± 0.50 | 21.710 | 0.000* | 0.000# | 0.000# | 0.123 |
Turn steps | 9.89 ± 4.09 | 6.00 ± 1.28 | 4.88 ± 0.93 | 34.060 | 0.000* | 0.000# | 0.000# | 0.080 |
Turn peak velocity (degrees/sec) | 100.46 ± 39.39 | 129.07 ± 24.57 | 164.79 ± 36.51 | 28.133 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.000* | 0.000* |
FOG: freezing of gait; APA: anticipatory postural adjustments. p1: patients with FOG vs patients without FOG; p2: patients with FOG vs healthy controls; p3: patients without FOG vs healthy controls. *p < 0.001 in the ANOVA analyses; #p < 0.05 in the post-hoc analyses.