Table 1.
Clinical characteristics stratified by 3 serum chloride subgroups at the time of ICU admission: Hyperchloremia (Cl0 ≥ 110 mEq/L); Normochloremia, (Cl0 100–109 mEq/L); and Hypochloremia (Cl0 ≤ 100 mEq/L)
| Variable | Admission Serum Chloride (Cl0) ≥110 mEq/L (n = 303) |
Admission Serum Chloride (Cl0) 101–109 mEq/L (n = 561) |
Admission Serum Chloride (Cl0) ≤100 mEq/L (n = 181) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 67.9 ± 15.6 | 64.8 ± 16.7 | 67.0 ± 14.6 | 0.0146* |
| Male, % | 44.9% | 53.7% | 55.8% | 0.0214* |
| African-American, % | 42.6% | 33.2% | 24.9% | 0.0002* |
| Chronic conditions | ||||
| Baseline SCr, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.0794 |
| Baseline eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2, median (IQR) | 57.0 (40.4–76.8) | 63.1 (44.2–87.9) | 61.2 (42.1–88.0) | 0.1032 |
| Diabetes, % | 23.8% | 20.1% | 21.6% | 0.4648 |
| Hypertension, % | 46.5% | 46.5% | 43.7% | 0.8050 |
| Heart failure, % | 3.3% | 2.1% | 4.4% | 0.2423 |
| Anemia, % | 88.6% | 85.1% | 74.4% | 0.0001* |
| Drug Exposure | ||||
| Diuretic, % | 44.2% | 44.0% | 55.8% | 0.0161* |
| Statin, % | 28.7% | 30.8% | 30.4% | 0.8073 |
| Iodine contrast, % | 27.7% | 33.9% | 29.3% | 0.1446 |
| Aminoglycoside, % | 8.3% | 6.1% | 1.7% | 0.0119* |
| Critical indicators | ||||
| Oliguria, % | 9.0% | 6.2% | 5.3% | 0.2467 |
| CFB 72 h, liters, median (IQR) | 3.1 (−0.1–8.0) | 2.0 (−0.5–5.4) | 0.75 (−2.1–3.8) | 0.0005* |
| Pressor or inotrope, % | 37.3% | 30.1% | 27.6% | 0.0408* |
| Mechanical ventilation, % | 51.2% | 39.4% | 33.2% | <0.0001* |
| Red blood cell transfusion, % | 6.6% | 2.0% | 0.6% | <0.0001* |
| Base Deficit, mmol/L Median (IQR) |
3.6 (1.7–6.4) | 1.1 (−1.7–4.0) | −2.6 (−7.4–2.4) | <0.0001 |
| APACHE II score, mean ± SD | 14.9 ± 7.0 | 12.1 ± 5.9 | 11.80 ± 5.06* | <0.0001 |
| SOFA score, mean ± SD | 5.8 ± 3.8 | 4.5 ± 3.4 | 4.4 ± 3.4* | <0.0001 |
*eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate based on Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation; SCr = serum creatinine; iodine contrast only if intravenous or intra-arterial; CFB = cumulative fluid balance; oliguria defined as urine output less than 500 ml in 24 h; anemia = admission hematocrit <39% for men and <36% for women; APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment