Table 4.
Maternal characteristics as risk factors for different modes of feeding
| Risk Factors | Direct breastfeeding 6617 observations in 1364mothers | Feeding of pumped breast milk 6617 observations in 1364 mothers | Formula feeding 6617 observations in 1364 mothers | Feeding of solid foods 6725 observations in 1899 mothers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | p-value§ | RR (95% CI) | p-value§ | RR (95% CI) | p-value§ | RR (95% CI) | p-value§ | ||
| Age (years) | 18-24 | 0.82 (0.70-0.96) | 0.049 | 0.83 (0.66-1.01) | 0.20 | 1.19 (1.07-1.33) | 0.005 | 1.00 (0.92-1.11) | 0.93 |
| (reference: 25-34) | > 34 | 1.03 (0.93-1.15) | 0.70 | 1.01 (0.87-1.17) | 0.97 | 0.99 (0.87-1.13) | 0.96 | 1.05 (0.97-1.15) | 0.47 |
| Race | Black | 0.84 (0.61-1.16) | 0.43 | 1.01 (0.70-1.48) | 0.97 | 1.02 (0.87-1.19) | 0.93 | 1.12 (0.93-1.36) | 0.47 |
| White (ref) | Hispanic | 0.85 (0.69-1.04) | 0.22 | 1.17 (0.94-1.46) | 0.29 | 1.14 (1.01-1.29) | 0.07 | 0.95 (0.83-1.08) | 0.56 |
| Other | 1.0 (0.84-1.19) | 0.98 | 1.00 (0.78-1.29) | 0.97 | 0.99 (0.84-1.19) | 0.99 | 0.96 (0.82-1.12) | 0.68 | |
| Region | Northeast | 0.78 (0.68-0.90) | 0.007 | 0.91 (0.75-1.11) | 0.50 | 1.40 (1.19-1.64) | 0.0003 | 1.12 (1.02-1.23) | 0.11 |
| West (reference) | Midwest | 0.90 (0.81-1.01) | 0.17 | 1.06 (0.91-1.25) | 0.60 | 1.37 (1.20-1.59) | 0.0002 | 1.09 (1.00-1.19) | 0.24 |
| South | 0.83 (0.73-0.92) | 0.007 | 0.99 (0.84-1.17) | 0.97 | 1.35 (1.17-1.55) | 0.0003 | 1.15 (1.05-1.26) | 0.02 | |
| Education | High school or less | 0.81 (0.71-0.94) | 0.034 | 0.80 (0.65-0.97) | 0.15 | 1.33 (1.21-1.48) | 0.0002 | 1.17 (1.08-1.28) | 0.003 |
| College (reference) | |||||||||
| Poverty (% of poverty level) | 185%-349% | 1.02 (0.92-1.14) | 0.75 | 1.21 (1.02-1.43) | 0.14 | 0.95 (0.85-1.05) | 0.41 | 1.05 (0.97-1.14) | 0.47 |
| > 350% | 0.98 (0.86-1.12) | 0.81 | 1.30 (1.08-1.58) | 0.12 | 1.01 (0.90-1.15) | 0.93 | 0.93 (0.84-1.03) | 0.47 | |
| (< 185%: reference) | |||||||||
| Employment status | Full-time | 1.66 (0.89-3.11) | 0.22 | 1.65 (0.94-2.88) | 0.20 | 1.25 (1.11-1.41) | 0.0007 | 0.99 (0.74-1.31) | 0.97 |
| (Homemaker: reference) | Part-time | 1.74 (0.93-3.28) | 0.20 | 1.60 (0.90-2.84) | 0.24 | 1.13 (0.98-1.30) | 0.16 | 0.91 (0.68-1.22) | 0.65 |
| Unemployed | 0.97 (0.80-1.19) | 0.81 | 1.21 (0.90-1.63) | 0.34 | 1.25 (1.09-1.44) | 0.0046 | 1.00 (0.85-1.18) | 0.98 | |
| Employmenta (Administrative work: reference) | Production /Farm | 1.18 (1.01-1.38) | 0.12 | 0.97 (0.79-1.20) | 0.97 | 0.87 (0.72-1.05) | 0.19 | 0.94 (0.83-1.08) | 0.56 |
| Sales, Service | 0.93 (0.79-1.10) | 0.54 | 0.82 (0.66-0.99) | 0.20 | 1.02 (0.90-1.17) | 0.73 | 1.04 (0.95-1.15) | 0.56 | |
| not employed | 1.91 (1.03-3.55) | 0.12 | 1.21 (0.70-2.09) | 0.62 | 0.80 (0.72-0.88) | 0.002 | 0.86 (0.65-1.14) | 0.47 | |
| Smoking statusb | Yes | 0.55 (0.41-0.73) | 0.0008 | 0.75 (0.55-1.03) | 0.20 | 1.60 (1.43-1.70) | 0.002 | 1.20 (1.08-1.33) | 0.009 |
| Health insurancec | No | 0.93 (0.77-1.13) | 0.60 | 0.85 (0.70-1.03) | 0.5 | 1.19 (0.94-1.51) | 0.21 | 1.11 (0.93-1.31) | 0.47 |
| WIC statusb | Yes | 0.84 (0.74-0.96) | 0.047 | 0.81 (0.62-1.02) | 0.20 | 1.20 (1.08-1.33) | 0.053 | 1.09 (1.01-1.19) | 0.18 |
| Marital Statusc | No | 0.89 (0.76-1.05) | 0.30 | 0.86 (0.70-1.04) | 0.26 | 1.29 (0.97-1.73) | 0.0032 | 1.05 (0.96-1.15) | 0.47 |
| Parity (2 or more children: reference) | 0 | 0.92 (0.81-1.06) | 0.36 | 1.27 (1.06-1.53) | 0.12 | 1.23 (1.08-1.42) | 0.007 | 1.04 (0.94-1.14) | 0.60 |
| 1 | 0.94 (0.85-1.03) | 0.37 | 1.11(0.95-1.30) | 0.32 | 1.17 (1.04-1.33) | 0.21 | 1.05 (0.97-1.13) | 0.47 | |
aEmployment: 1) production and farming (precision production, craft and repair, operator, fabricator and laborer, technician and related support, farming, forestry and fishing); 2) sales and services; 3) not employed; reference: administrative (professional specialty, executive, administrative and managerial, administrative support, including clerical)
§p - value after adjustment for false discovery rate
bNo is the reference
cYes is the reference