Table 1.
Prevalence and univariate variable analysis of risk factors with ECC and S-ECC
| Variable | N | % | ECC (%) | S-ECC (%) | dmft | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECC | Non-ECC | χ2 | P-value | S-ECC | Non-S-ECC | χ2 | P-value | Mean (SD) | t/F | P-value | |||
| Sociodemographic | |||||||||||||
| Region | |||||||||||||
| Kashgar | 893 | 51.7 | 668 (74.8) | 225 (25.2) | 12.73 | <0.001 | 350 (39.2) | 543 (60.8) | 2.981 | 0.084 | 4.25 (3.93) | −1.559 | 0.119 |
| Ining | 834 | 48.3 | 683 (81.9) | 151 (18.1) | 361 (43.3) | 473 (56.7) | 4.54 (3.88) | ||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||
| male | 899 | 52.1 | 715 (79.5) | 184 (20.5) | 1.874 | 0.171 | 381 (42.4) | 518 (57.6) | 1.135 | 0.287 | 4.42 (3.83) | 0.349 | 0.727 |
| female | 828 | 47.9 | 636 (76.8) | 192 (23.2) | 330 (39.9) | 498 (60.1) | 4.35 (3.99) | ||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||
| 3 | 307 | 17.8 | 198 (64.5) | 109 (35.5) | 48.949a | 0.001 | 104 (33.9) | 203 (66.1) | 8.847a | 0.012 | 2.92 (3.38) | 35.735b | <0.001 |
| 4 | 780 | 45.2 | 612 (78.5) | 168 (21.5) | 326 (41.8) | 454 (58.2) | 4.33 (3.83) | ||||||
| 5 | 640 | 37.1 | 541 (84.5) | 99 (15.5) | 281 (43.9) | 359 (56.1) | 5.16 (4.03) | ||||||
| Ethnicity | |||||||||||||
| Han | 718 | 41.6 | 565 (78.7) | 153 (21.3) | 0.154 | 0.694 | 306 (42.6) | 412 (57.4) | 1.065 | 0.302 | 4.56 (4.06) | 1.592 | 0.112 |
| Uygur | 1009 | 58.4 | 786 (77.9) | 223 (22.1) | 405 (40.1) | 604 (59.9) | 4.26 (3.79) | ||||||
| Residence | |||||||||||||
| urban | 914 | 52.9 | 709 (77.6) | 205 (22.4) | 0.492 | 0.483 | 358 (39.2) | 556 (60.8) | 3.21 | 0.073 | 4.28 (3.93) | −1.192 | 0.234 |
| rural | 813 | 47.1 | 642 (79.0) | 171 (21.0) | 353 (43.4) | 460 (56.6) | 4.51 (3.88) | ||||||
| Gestational age | |||||||||||||
| full term | 1511 | 87.5 | 1171 (77.5) | 340 (22.5) | 5.351a | 0.069 | 621 (41.1) | 890 (58.9) | 2.193a | 0.334 | 4.39 (3.94) | 0.502b | 0.605 |
| premature birth | 160 | 9.3 | 130 (81.3) | 30 (18.8) | 62 (38.8) | 98 (61.3) | 4.23 (3.75) | ||||||
| post-term pregnancy | 56 | 3.2 | 50 (89.3) | 6 (10.7) | 28 (50.0) | 28 (50.0) | 4.84 (3.36) | ||||||
| Family size | |||||||||||||
| one children | 455 | 26.3 | 350 (76.9) | 271 (21.3) | 0.618 | 0.432 | 187 (41.1) | 748 (58.8) | 0.001 | 0.971 | 4.37 (3.85) | −0.308 | 0.758 |
| more than one children | 1272 | 73.7 | 1001 (78.7) | 105 (23.1) | 524 (41.2) | 268 (58.9) | 4.44 (4.06) | ||||||
| Caretaker with cavities | |||||||||||||
| no | 1355 | 78.5 | 1029 (75.9) | 326 (24.1) | 19.321 | <0.001 | 511 (37.7) | 844 (62.3) | 31.048 | <0.001 | 4.13 (3.85) | −5.258 | <0.001 |
| yes | 372 | 21.5 | 322 (86.6) | 50 (13.4) | 200 (53.8) | 172 (46.2) | 5.32 (3.99) | ||||||
| Mother’s education level | |||||||||||||
| none or primary school | 247 | 14.3 | 221 (89.5) | 18 (10.3) | 32.636a | <0.001 | 120 (48.6) | 87 (50.0) | 35.465a | <0.001 | 5.01 (3.64) | 9.629b | <0.001 |
| middle school | 601 | 34.8 | 485 (80.7) | 126 (21.7) | 261 (43.4) | 336 (57.9) | 4.62 (3.99) | ||||||
| high school | 520 | 30.1 | 382 (73.5) | 138 (23.5) | 213 (41.0) | 341 (58.0) | 4.45 (4.23) | ||||||
| university | 359 | 20.8 | 263 (73.3) | 94 (24.4) | 117 (32.6) | 252 (65.5) | 3.47 (3.25) | ||||||
| Father’s education level | |||||||||||||
| none or primary school | 174 | 10.1 | 156 (89.7) | 26 (10.5) | 15.916a | 0.001 | 87 (50.0) | 127 (51.4) | 12.941a | 0.005 | 5.13 (3.87) | 7.343b | <0.001 |
| middle school | 580 | 33.6 | 454 (78.3) | 116 (19.3) | 244 (42.1) | 340 (56.6) | 4.43 (3.91) | ||||||
| high school | 588 | 34 | 450 (76.5) | 138 (26.5) | 247 (42.0) | 307 (59.0) | 4.61 (4.26) | ||||||
| university | 385 | 22.3 | 291 (75.6) | 96 (26.7) | 133 (34.5) | 242 (67.4) | 3.65 (3.20) | ||||||
| Average annual income (RMB) | |||||||||||||
| 0–2999 | 293 | 17 | 277 (94.5) | 16 (5.5) | 98.971a | <0.001 | 156 (53.2) | 137 (46.8) | 98.971a | <0.001 | 5.43 (3.62) | 17.262b | <0.001 |
| 3000–7999 | 443 | 25.7 | 379 (85.6) | 64 (14.4) | 203 (45.8) | 240 (54.2) | 4.92 (3.80) | ||||||
| 8000–19,999 | 268 | 15.5 | 194 (72.4) | 74 (27.6) | 89 (33.2) | 179 (66.8) | 3.56 (3.59) | ||||||
| More than 20,000 | 723 | 41.9 | 501 (69.3) | 222 (30.7) | 263 (36.4) | 460 (63.6) | 3.94 (4.06) | ||||||
| Dietary behaviors | |||||||||||||
| feeding history | |||||||||||||
| breast only | 832 | 48.2 | 647 (77.8) | 185 (22.2) | 0.224a | 0.894 | 354 (42.5) | 478 (57.5) | 2.627a | 0.269 | 4.41 (3.86) | 0.137b | 0.872 |
| breast and bottle | 775 | 44.9 | 609 (78.6) | 166 (21.4) | 315 (40.6) | 460 (59.4) | 4.39 (3.95) | ||||||
| bottle only | 120 | 6.9 | 95 (79.2) | 25 (20.8) | 42 (35.0) | 78 (65.0) | 4.21 (3.96) | ||||||
| Frequency of sweets consumption | |||||||||||||
| more than once a day | 398 | 23 | 365 (89.4) | 42 (10.6) | 75.719a | <0.001 | 215 (54.0) | 183 (46.0) | 41.272a | <0.001 | 5.38 (4.0) | 21.975b | <0.001 |
| once a day | 483 | 28 | 399 (82.6) | 84 (17.4) | 197 (40.8) | 286 (59.2) | 4.61 (3.83) | ||||||
| less than once a day | 627 | 36.3 | 459 (73.2) | 168 (26.8) | 231 (36.8) | 396 (63.2) | 3.96 (3.81) | ||||||
| never | 219 | 12.7 | 137 (62.6) | 82 (37.4) | 68 (31.1) | 151 (68.9) | 2.76 (3.54) | ||||||
| Eating before sleep | |||||||||||||
| often | 139 | 8 | 133 (95.7) | 6 (4.3) | 50.041a | <0.001 | 83 (59.7) | 56 (40.3) | 32.036a | <0.001 | 5.64 (3.71) | 15.995b | <0.001 |
| sometimes | 1120 | 64.9 | 895 (79.9) | 225 (20.1) | 472 (42.1) | 648 (57.9) | 4.53 (3.94) | ||||||
| no | 468 | 27.1 | 323 (69.0) | 145 (31.0) | 156 (33.3) | 312 (66.7) | 3.67 (3.76) | ||||||
| Oral hygiene behaviors | |||||||||||||
| Start tooth brushing | |||||||||||||
| 3 years old or earlier | 818 | 47.4 | 594 (72.6) | 224 (27.4) | 49.121a | <0.001 | 322 (39.4) | 496 (60.6) | 5.821a | 0.121 | 4.18 (4.12) | 3.274b | 0.02 |
| 4 years old | 330 | 19.1 | 248 (75.2) | 82 (24.8) | 130 (39.4) | 200 (60.6) | 4.17 (3.77) | ||||||
| 5 years old | 170 | 9.8 | 147 (86.5) | 23 (13.5) | 70 (41.2) | 100 (58.8) | 4.66 (3.57) | ||||||
| never brushed | 409 | 23.7 | 362 (88.5) | 47 (11.5) | 189 (46.2) | 220 (53.8) | 4.85 (3.67) | ||||||
| Daily brushing frequency | |||||||||||||
| at least once a day | 876 | 50.7 | 665 (75.9) | 211 (24.1) | 344 (39.3) | 532 (60.7) | 4.10 (3.85) | ||||||
| less than once a day | 588 | 34 | 453 (77.0) | 135 (23.0) | 19.833a | <0.001 | 243 (41.3) | 345 (58.7) | 5.193a | 0.075 | 4.41 (3.90) | 3.081b | 0.027 |
| never brushed | 263 | 15.2 | 233 (88.6) | 30 (11.4) | 124 (47.1) | 139 (52.9) | 4.78 (3.77) | ||||||
| Parental supervision of tooth brushing | |||||||||||||
| no | 1140 | 66 | 921 (80.8) | 219 (19.2) | 12.919 | <0.001 | 494 (43.3) | 646 (56.7) | 6.483 | 0.011 | 4.58 (3.86) | 2.908 | 0.004 |
| yes | 587 | 34 | 430 (73.3) | 157 (26.7) | 217 (37.0) | 370 (63.0) | 4.01 (3.96) | ||||||
| Using fluoride toothpaste | |||||||||||||
| no | 1548 | 89.6 | 1214 (78.4) | 334 (21.6) | 0.336 | 0.562 | 635 (41.0) | 913 (59.0) | 0.137 | 0.711 | 4.41 (3.94) | 0.793 | 0.428 |
| yes | 179 | 10.4 | 137 (76.5) | 42 (23.5) | 76 (42.5) | 103 (57.5) | 4.17 (3.56) | ||||||
| Use of dental service | |||||||||||||
| Dental visit in the past | |||||||||||||
| no | 1258 | 72.8 | 940 (74.7) | 318 (25.3) | 33.439 | <0.001 | 447 (35.5) | 811 (64.5) | 60.775 | <0.001 | 3.86 (3.63) | −9.364 | <0.001 |
| yes | 469 | 27.2 | 411 (87.6) | 58 (12.4) | 264 (56.3) | 205 (43.7) | 5.79 (4.25) | ||||||
| Parents received oral health care instruction | |||||||||||||
| no | 1434 | 83 | 1103 (76.9) | 331 (23.1) | 8.522 | 0.004 | 557 (38.8) | 877 (61.2) | 18.901 | <0.001 | 4.15 (3.78) | −5.507 | <0.001 |
| yes | 293 | 17 | 248 (84.6) | 45 (15.4) | 154 (52.6) | 139 (47.4) | 5.52 (4.29) | ||||||
aχ2 for trend
bone-way analysis of variance
Abbreviations: ECC early childhood caries, dmft decayed-missing-filled teeth, SD standard deviation, S-ECC severe early childhood caries