Table 1.
Changes of potential beneficial and harmful microbiota in UC.
| Changes in UC | Mechanisms | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beneficial microbiota | |||
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | ↓ | Enhancing production of Treg cells, energy supply of intestinal epithelial cells and IL-10 | (30–35, 38, 40–44) |
| Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa | ↓ | Producing butyrate | (34, 43–45, 58) |
| Bifidobacterium | ↓ | Inhibiting intestinal inflammation by acting on Treg cells | (101, 102) |
| Bacteroides | ↓ | Inducing CD4+ cells by enhancing IL-10 and IL-17 through secreting PSA | (69, 70) |
| ↑ | Invade intestinal tissues and cause damage | (67) | |
| Helicobacter pylori | ↓ | 5-ASA and antibiotics | (105–108) |
| ↑ | Epidemiological data showed no significant correlation | (109, 110) | |
| Roseburia species | ↓ | Producing butyrate | (44, 46) |
| Eubacterium rectale | ↓ | Unknown | (33, 44) |
| Harmful microbiota | |||
| Escherichia coli (adherent invasive) | ↑ | Invading intestinal epithelial cells, replicating in macrophages and inducing granulomas | (21, 94–97) |
| — | Inactive UC patients | (87, 88, 93) | |
| Fusobacterium | ↑ | Unknown | (38, 112–116) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | ? | Unknown | (117, 118) |
| Candida albicans | ↑ | Unknown | (119, 120) |
PSA, polysaccharide A; UC, ulcerative colitis; Treg, regulatory T.
↓, Decrease; ↑, increase; —, unchange; ?, to be determined.