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. 2017 Dec 4;3:17061. doi: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.61

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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IL-1β with or without HIV-1 induces ER stress in astrocytes. Primary human astrocytes were treated with IL-1β (20 ng/ml) and HIV-1 (at 20 ng/ml p24) alone or in combination, and untreated astrocytes were maintained in parallel. After 8 h, total RNA was isolated and PERK (a), IRE1α (b), ATF6 (c), BiP (d), CHOP (e), and calnexin (f) mRNA levels were analyzed by RT²-PCR and normalized to GAPDH levels. Data represents mean fold change±S.E.M. of cumulative data from three independent donors each tested in a minimum of triplicate determinations. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test for multiple comparisons (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001).