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. 2017 Oct 31;17(11):2496. doi: 10.3390/s17112496

Table 3.

Smart home systems.

Ref. Proposition Country (Year) Resident activity Monitoring Home Environment Monitoring Resident Health Monitoring Home Appliance Monitoring Wireless Connectivity Summary Alert/Reminder Service
[116] Fall detection system for smart home China and Korea (2014)
  • -

    Accelerometer: activity and fall detection

 Temperature and humidity sensors Pulse pressure sensor: HR ZigBee with multiple access points Proposed but not implemented
[133] Daily activity tracking for smart home Korea (2012) RFID Tags and self-developed biosensor and logging system RFID Developed applications in android platform for tracking ADL of the elderly Smartphone based application for the elderly and the caregivers, family
[153] Smart home based on cloud computing Canada (2013)
  • -

    Proximity sensor

 Temperature, humidity, ambient light Light and fans ZigBee, RFID Arduino-based application communicates with the user, sensors, and actuators as well as interacts with the cloud-based computing service
[154] Mobile healthcare system for wheelchair users China and Canada (2014)
  • -

    Pressure cushion: fall detection

  • Accelerometer: embedded in wheelchair to detect the falling of wheelchair

  • IR sensor: location detection

  • Camera: activity detection

 Temperature, humidity, smoke sensor
  • -

    ECG sensor module

  • Photoelectric pulse sensor: pulse measurement

 Lights and air conditions ZigBee and Bluetooth User can interact with the home environment remotely and locally via smart phones Connected to a third-party service to notify emergency situation using SMS and telephone
[155] Cloud-based platform for assessing elderly health and wellbeing USA (2004 to date)
  • -

    PIR sensor: mobility and sleep monitoring

  • Medication tracking

  • computer and telephone usage tracking

 Air quality and room temperature Weight, heart rate, and body mass index Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee Developed a cloud-based cognitive and physical health assessment platform using mostly commercial ambient and passive sensing technologies.
[156] Smart home for elderly care India (2015)
  • -

    Temperature sensor: fire detection,

  • Gas sensor: gas leakage detection,

  • Contact sensor: door monitoring

 ZigBee Developed an Arduino based software
  • -

    Warning message generates, and played through a loudspeaker

  • SMS sent to the caregiver over the cellular network
[157] Sensor platform for healthcare services in a home environment Bristol, UK (2016)
  • -

    Vision sensors: track people and provide information

  • Wearable IMUs: measure movement patterns and quality of movement

 Temperature, humidity, luminosity, noise level, air quality, occupancy Electricity metering, cold and hot water consumption BLE , IEEE 80 2.15.4, WiFi
  • -

    BLE and IEEE 80 2.15.4 : for sensors and a 5 GHz WiFi : communications among the Home Gateway, video NUCs and tablet

  • Prototype installed in home.

  • Control and monitored parameters are sent to the remote system over VPN link

 Remote system generates the alerts
[158] Home tele-monitoring of vital parameters and detection of anomalies in daily activities Milano, Italy (2017)
  • -

    Commercial solution for fall detection

 ECG , BP and SpO2 weight, ear temperature, glycaemia Water tap, refrigerator, and dishwasher Bluetooth LE Developed a clinical governance system to interact between patient and clinicians Clinical governance system generates and displays alerts both to the patient and the clinicians
[175] Cloud-based home healthcare USA and China (2016)
  • -

    Smart watch, IMU: body activity recognition

  • Acoustic sensor: hydration monitoring,

  • PIR sensor: location detection

 ECG, SpO2 ZigBee Cloud based service for storage, processing and interaction with healthcare personnel
[176] Activity and physiological parameter monitoring and social interaction Sweden, Italy, Spain (2014)
  • -

    PIR sensor: detects location

  • Electrical usage sensor

  • Pressure pads: occupancy detection

  • Fall detection
  • -

    Android-based system for weight, blood pressure, glycaemia, pulse rate and SpO2
  • -

    Door contact sensor

 Not mentioned A telepresence robot with camera, lens, microphone and LCD screen to facilitate video communication with caregivers Context recognition for event detection, trend analysis and alert generation
[177] Monitoring and interactive robotic system Spain (2015)
  • -

    Depth sensor: 3D position estimation of the occupants for detecting falls, abnormal behavioral pattern, intrusions
  • -

    A GUI is developed to transmit alarm message to relatives, caregivers or medical staffs

 Alarms are programmed for fall, intrusion and abnormal pattern detection
[178] Behavior and wellness prediction New Zealand (2013)
  • -

    Force sensor: monitor bed, chair, toilet and sofa

 Microwave, water kettle, toaster, room heater, TV ZigBee Software for data acquisition, activity recognition, behavior recognition and wellness determination are developed in C#
[179] Easy-to-install and lightweight smart home kit USA (2013) Infrared motion/light sensor, relays, Door sensor and temperature sensor ZigBee Developed a activity visualizer software to display and keep record of the ADL
[180] In-home Health Monitoring System Japan (2015) IR motion sensor, water flow sensor for monitoring urination, kitchen work, and washing RFID Monitors and assesses occupant’s health status by monitoring urination, kitchen work, washing activities and movements in the house Generates and e-mail report on the occupants’ health condition
[181] Health monitoring using data fusion techniques France (2011)
  • -

    Microphones: acoustical monitoring of the elderly

  • Wearable device: detect posture (standing/sitting and laying), fall and activity rate

  • Infrared sensors: location, posture and movement detection

 Temperature sensors Wearable device: HR ZigBee
  • -

    Software developed in LabWindows/CVI using multi-sensor data fusion technique

  • Communicates with the wearable device and Gardien sub-systems: used TCP/IP and appropriate application protocols.

  • Gardien: implemented in C++, recovers data every 500 ms.
Data fusion based on fuzzy logic: detect several distress situations