Table 1.
Applications of e-nose to plant disease and pest diagnosis. Pathosystems, analytical details and e-nose model are summarised.
| Pathosystem and Plant Material | Analytical and Technical Solutions | E-Nose Model(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Multiple wood decay fungi on wood samples of several tree species [12] | Static headspace analysis Multiple-class recognition |
AromaScan A32 SLibraNose 2.1 PEN3 |
| Multiple root decay fungi on root segments of several shade tree species [13] | Static headspace analysis Multiple-class recognition |
PEN3 |
| Agrobacterium vitis on grapevine rootstock cuts [10] | Static headspace analysis | PEN3 |
| Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus on potato tubers [18] | Lab to real scale VOCs concentration on adsorbents Sample air desiccation with SiO2 |
PEN3 |
| Agrobacterium vitis on grapevine rootstock cuts [28] | Static headspace analysis Evaluation of sensor drift |
PEN3 |
| Erwinia amylovora and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on in vitro and dormant apple plants [20] | Lab to real scale VOCs concentration on adsorbents Dilution effects Three-class recognition |
EOS507C PEN3 |
| Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae on in vitro kiwifruit plants [22] | Static headspace analysis at high RH | EOS507C PEN3 |
| Fusarium spp. on wheat grain [29] | Static headspace analysis Air sample filtration on CaCO3 |
Prototype |
| Anthonomus grandis grandis on cotton bolls [30] | VOCs concentration on adsorbents Exclusion of water-sensitive sensors Dilution effects |
Cyranose 320 |
| Multiple pests on cucumber, pepper and tomato plants [31] | VOCs concentration on adsorbents | Bloodhound ST214 |
| Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Alternaria sp. on blueberry fruit [32] | Static headspace analysis Four-class recognition |
Cyranose 320 |
| Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp. on oil palm [3] | Real scale | Cyranose 320 |
| Penicilium spp. on orange fruit [33] | Static headspace analysis Dilution effects |
LibraNose 2.1 |
| Botrytis, Fusarium and Penicillium spp. on strawberry fruit [34] | Static headspace analysis External control of T and RH |
PEN3 |
| Multiple bacterial pathogens [35] | Static headspace analysis | PEN3 |
| Rhynchophorus ferrugineous on ornamental palm [5] | 8-day time course | PEN3 |
| Erwinia amylovora on apple and pear plants; Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on kiwi fruit [8,36] | Static headspace analysis RH raised to 100% |
EOS835 |
| Multiple bacterial pathogens [37] | Static headspace analysis | EOS507C |
| Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus on potato tubers [38] | VOCs concentration on adsorbents Three-class recognition |
Prototype |
| Botrytis cinerea on tomato plants [39] | Static headspace analysis Severity effects |
PEN2 |
| Multiple fungi and bacteria; Ceratocystis fagacearum on oak sapwood [11] | External control of RH | Aromascan A32S |
| Nilaparvata lugens [40] | Static headspace analysis | PEN2 |
| Rhyzopertha dominica on wheat grain [41] | Static headspace analysis Dilution and time effects |
PEN2 |
| Nilaparvata lugens on rice plants [42] | Static headspace analysis Dilution effects |
PEN2 |
| Unclassified spider mites on cucumber; powdery mildew on tomato [43] | Static headspace analysis External control of T and RH |
Bloodhound ST214 |
VOCs, volatile organic compounds.