Table 1.
Sources of cells used to replicate BMEC function
| Barrier Cell Source | Origin (cell line) | TEER (Ω cm2) | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immortalized | • canine kidney epithelial (MDCK) • human colon adenocarcinoma epithelial (Caco-2) • mouse BMEC (BEnd.3) • rat BMEC (RBE4) • human BMEC (hCMEC/D3 and hBMEC) |
40–315 compiled in [96] |
• stable over numerous passages • commercially available • can be transfected to express human efflux pumps (MDCK) |
• incomplete tight junctions • poor barrier function |
[53, 99, 123] |
| Primary | Mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, human BMECs | 130–2200 compiled in [96] | • close initial resemblance to in vivo conditions | • tedious purification with low yields and batch variability • senesce after few passages • difficult to obtain healthy tissue (human) |
[98, 124–126] |
| PSC-derived | Mouse or human iPSC or ESC | 250–5350 [19, 101, 102] |
• renewable source • patient specific • physiological TEER |
• require differentiation and thorough characterization | [20, 101, 102, 112] |