Table 2.

Platforms for configuring cells to replicate the BBB

Platforms for BBB modeling	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
transwell model	• replicates confluent monolayer • suitable for basic co-culture • easy measurement of TEER and permeability • does not require pumps or microfabrication	• lacks shear stress • lacks cylindrical geometry • lacks proper heterotypic cell-cell contacts	many compiled in [95, 96]
membrane-based microfluidic models	• replicates shear stress • 2D plane allows for convenient imaging	• lacks cylindrical geometry and ECM	[112–114]
matrix-containing microfluidic models	• replicates shear stress • replicates a 3D environment for embedded cells • allows for some dynamic reorganization	• matrix can pose technical challenges, including contraction • lacks cylindrical geometry	[115]
templated perfusable models	• replicates shear stress • replicates a 3D environment for embedded cells replicates cylindrical geometry	• difficult to fabricate < 20–50 μm diameter vessels • cannot measure TEER	[116, 120, 121]