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Cilia-dependent TGF-β signaling. In the presence of TGF-β, activated TGF-β receptors (TGF-β1 and TGF-β2) translocate from the ciliary membrane to the ciliary pocket (CiPo) for clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE) and activation of SMAD transcription factors 2/3 (SMAD2/3) in early endosomes (EE) at the ciliary base. SMAD2/3 forms a trimeric complex with SMAD4 for nuclear translocation and activation of TGF-β target genes. Ciliary TGF-β signaling also involves the activation of ERK1/2.
