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. 2017 Oct 31;18(11):2282. doi: 10.3390/ijms18112282

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of RDSW on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and production, and VEGF expression. (A) The inhibitory effect of RDSW on TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and VEGF mRNA expressions. GAPDH was used as an internal control for mRNA expressions. (B) The inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) by RDSW. The amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the conditioned medium was measured by ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions and was normalized with the amount of total protein in each sample. All experiments were performed in triplicates, and all data are shown as the mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 and # p < 0.0001 compared to the LPS-induced control. Exo: hardness 1500 of exogenous Mg and Ca mixture, Mg:Ca = 3.5:1; Mg40: hardness 1500 of high Mg DSW, Mg:Ca = 40:1.