Table 1.

Actions of GCs on neurogenesis and BDNF expression.

In Vivo/In Vitro	Drug Application or Animals	Neurogenesis/BDNF	Reference
Adult mice hippocampus (in vivo)	GR(+/−) mice	BDNF ↓	Ridder et al. [40]
Adult mice hippocampus (in vivo)	GR nestin-cre −/− mice	proliferation -	Gass et al. [43]
Rat embryonic neural progenitor cells (in vitro)	CORT (10 µM 3–10 days)	proliferation -differentiation ↓	Odaka et al. [44]
Human hippocampal progenitor cell line (in vitro)	Cortisol (10 µM 3–10 days)	proliferation ↓ differentiation ↓	Anacker et al. [46]
Adult mice hippocampus (in vivo)	CORT (40 mg/kg daily injection for 8 weeks)	proliferation ↓ differentiation ↓	Zhang et al. [47]
Adult rat hippocampus (in vivo)	CORT (40 mg/kg weakly injection for 3 weeks)	differentiation ↓ maturation ↓	Lussier et al. [48]
Adult female rat hippocampus (in vivo)	CORT (40 mg/kg daily injection for 23 days)	differentiation ↓ *	Kott et al. [49]
Adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells (in vitro)	Fludrocortisone (1 μM 24 h)	survival ↓ proliferation ↓	Gesmundo et al. [50]
Adult C57BL/6J mice hippocampus (in vivo)	CORT (36 mg/kg/day for 7 days by pellet implantation)	proliferation ↓ BDNF ↓	Hodes et al. [58]
Adult MRL/MpJ mice hippocampus (in vivo)	CORT (27 mg/kg/day for 7 days by pellet implantation)	proliferation - BDNF -	Hodes et al. [58]
mouse embryonic stem cells (in vitro)	Ginsenoside Rg1 (10 μM, 14 days)	differentiation ↓	Wu et al. [66]

↑ increase; ↓ decrease; - no change; * Subcutaneous injection vs. pellet implantation.