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. 2017 Nov 8;18(11):2367. doi: 10.3390/ijms18112367

Table 1.

Overview of investigated polymer blends.

Investigated in Neat Polymer Production Method Application Field and Neat Properties Investigated Properties by Addition of Lignin Nanoparticles (LNPs)
[16,17] Polylactic acid (PLA)
  • -

    Extrusion

  • -

    Solvent casting
  • -

    Widely used as a packaging material

  • -

    Poor thermal and mechanical properties; poor ultraviolet (UV) barrier properties [18]
  • -

    UV-transmittance

  • -

    Antibacterial activity

  • -

    Mechanical properties

  • -

    Thermal properties
[19] Wheat gluten (WG)
  • -

    Solvent casting as described by Kayserilioglu et al. [20]

  • -

    Addition of aqueous LNP suspension to the casting solution
  • -

    Can be easily processed into films; effective barrier properties against carbon dioxide, oxygen and aroma components, rapidly biodegradable [21,22,23,24]

  • -

    Poor mechanical properties; strong water absorption in humid environment
  • -

    UV-transmittance

  • -

    Mechanical properties

  • -

    Thermal properties

  • -

    Water sensitivity
[25] Phenolic foams
  • -

    Mixing dry lignin particles with resol resin

  • -

    Mixing of resol resin, surfactant, catalyst, hardener and blowing agent
  • -

    Low thermal conductivity; exceptional fire-resistant properties; high thermal stability; low cost [26]

  • -

    Relatively low mechanical performance; extreme friability compared to other polymeric foams [27,28]
  • -

    Mechanical properties
[29] Cellulose triacetate (CTA)
  • -

    Solvent casting

  • -

    Separate solving of CTA and LNPs in methylenchloride
  • -

    Membrane production

  • -

    Low mechanical strength; poor resistance to oxidation [30]
  • -

    Mechanical properties
[31] Glycidyl methacrylate grafted PLA
  • -

    Extrusion
  • -

    Widely used as a packaging material

  • -

    Poor thermal and mechanical properties; poor UV barrier properties [18]
  • -

    UV-transmittance

  • -

    UV-weathering stability

  • -

    Mechanical properties

  • -

    Thermal properties
[32,33] Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CH)
  • -

    Solvent casting
  • -

    Widely used in food packaging, biomedical, household and construction sector

  • -

    Good solvent resistance, mechanical performance und biocompatibility [34,35]

  • -

    High moisture absorption; low biodegradation rate
  • -

    UV-transmittance

  • -

    Thermal properties

  • -

    Mechanical properties

  • -

    Migration

  • -

    Antioxidant activity

  • -

    Antibacterial activity
[36] Bio-poly (trimethylene terephthalate)
  • -

    Extrusion
  • -

    Good tensile behavior, outstanding elastic recovery and thermal stability [37]
  • -

    Thermal properties

  • -

    Mechanical properties

  • -

    Biodegradation