Table 4.
Summary of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on the antidiabetic activities of polyphenol-rich lentils.
| Polyphenol-Rich Lentils | Model | Dose and Route of Administration | Negative Control | Investigation | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | In vitro | 50–500 μg/mL | - | Assay of antioxidant activities DPPH, FRAP, ORAC and inhibitory properties against α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase | Antidiabetic, hypotensive and antioxidant activity | [47] |
| Total phenolics | In vitro | 100.9 mg/g f.m. | 300 mM NaCl | Assay of α-amylase inhibitor activity and expected glycemic index values | Antidiabetic potential | [38] |
| Flavonoids | Male albino rats | 15 g/kg/p.o. of lentil food formulation | Alloxan (150 mg/kg bw | Assay of glucose, urea, serum total protein, total TG and TC | Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential | [48] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | Male Nile rats | 720 g/kg/p.o. of lentil food formulation | STZ (35 mg/kg i.p.) | Assay of glycemic index, glycemic load and cumulative load, blood glucose (fasting, random and OGTT) and plasma lipid parameters (plasma TC and TG) plus necropsy findings (liver and kidney pathology plus adipose reserves) | Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential | [49] |
| Flavonol glycosides and free flavanols | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 57% raw whole lentil; 52% cooked whole lentil; 51% raw dehulled lentil; 47% cooked dehulled lentil/p.o. | STZ (35 mg/kg i.p.) | Assay of serum glucose and serum lipid levels | Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential | [41,42] |
| Total phenols | Human with diabetes | 50 g cooked lentil/p.o. | - | Assay of FBS, TC and glycemic control | Antidiabetic and cardioprotective activity | [41] |
| Total phenols | Human with diabetes | 1 cup cooked lentil/day/p.o. | - | Assay of body weight, HbA1C, TC, BP, heart rate, glycemic control | Antidiabetic and cardioprotective activity | [50] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | Obese patients with type 2 diabetes | 60 g lentil sprouts/p.o. daily during 8 weeks | - | Assay of weight, height and waist circumference, lipid profile, | Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential | [39] |
DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power assay; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; g f.m.: germination fraction matter; p.o.: per oral; i.p.: intraperitoneal; bw: body weight; STZ: streptozotocin; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; FBS: fasting blood sugar; BP: blood pressure; HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin.