Table 5.
Summary of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on the antioxidant activities of polyphenol-rich lentils.
| Polyphenol-Rich Lentils | Model | Dose and Route of Administration | Negative Control | Investigation | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procyanidin and prodelphinidin dimers and trimers; gallate procyanidins; kaempferol derivatives, quercetin glucoside acetate; luteolin derivatives and p-coumaric acid | Human astrocytoma cell line (U-373), renal adenocarcinoma (TK-10), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), melanoma (UACC-62), colon carcinoma (HT29) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) | 0.06–0.12 µg/µL | H2O2, FeSO4 and FeSO4 + H2O2 | Assay of antioxidant activity by ORAC, DPPH, MTT and intracellular ROS | Antioxidant neuroprotective and anticancer activities | [60] |
| Flavanols and phenolic acids | Human colonic carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) | 20–100 μg/mL | - | Assay of proinflammatory cytokines COX-2, IL-1β and IL-6 in TNF-α | Anti-inflammatory activity | [61] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | In vitro | 200 mg sprout extracts | - | Assay of radical activity and expected glycemic index values | Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity | [62] |
| Flavonoids | In vitro | 100 μL, 1 mg/mL | - | Assay of TEAC, DPPH, superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, FRAP and inhibition of β-carotene degradation activity; diabetes was assayed on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity | Antioxidant and antidiabetic potential | [63,64] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | In vitro | 55–119 μg/mL | - | Assay of DPPH or ORAC, anti-inflammatory activities on LOX, COX-1, COX-2 pathways | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities | [65] |
| Total phenols, flavonoids and tannins | In vitro | - | - | Assay of DPPH | Antioxidant potential | [66] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | In vitro | 25 and 40 μM | Arsenic (10, 25, and 40 μM | Assay of transcriptional upregulation of serine acetyltransferase, O-acetyl serine (thiol)-lyase, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and phytochelatin synthase genes; assay of SOD, ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, GR and GST | Antioxidant potential | [67] |
| Hydroxybenzoic compounds, protocatechuic, vanillic acid, aldehyde p-hydroxybenzoic, trans-ferulic acid and trans-p-coumaric acid | In vitro | 0.02 and 0.1% of lentil seed extracts | - | Assay of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity | Antioxidant potential | [68] |
| Kaempferol glucoside | In vitro | 0.00625–5 mg/mL | - | Assay of DPPH, TEAC, FRAP and ORAC | Antioxidant potential | [33,69] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | In vitro | 0.00625–5 mg/mL | - | Assay of DPPH | Antioxidant potential | [70,71] |
| Flavonol glycosides and free flavanols | In vitro | 100 mg | - | Assay of PRTC, TEAC, ABTS, total phenolics, tocopherols (α-T, β-T, γ-T, δ-T), GSH and L-ascorbic acid | Antioxidant potential | [72,73] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | In vitro | 20–100 μg/mL | - | Assay of COX-2 producing PGE (2) inhibitory assay | Anti-inflammatory activity | [74] |
MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; COX: cyclooxygenase; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TEAC: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; LOX: lysyl oxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GR: glutathione reductase; GST: glutathione s-transferase.