Table 6.
Summary of in vitro, in vivo, clinical and intervention/observational studies on the anti-obesity and cardioprotective potentials of polyphenol-rich lentils.
| Polyphenol-Rich Lentils | Model | Dose and Route of Administration | Negative Control | Investigation | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | Human colonic carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) | 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 and 10 mg/mL | - | Assay of LDH, caspase-3, total DNA fragmentation, morphological changes related to apoptosis | Chemo-preventive agents | [75] |
| Free flavanols | Human with hyperhomocysteinemia and coronary artery disease | 500 μg folate and 10 g lentils and other pulses and foods/p.o. | - | Assay of plasma total homocysteine | Cardioprotective activity | [76] |
| Phenolic acids | In vitro | 20–100 μg/mL | - | Assay of platelet aggregation activity | Cardioprotective activity | [74] |
| Total phenolics | Male Wistar rats | 200 and 400 mg/kg/p.o. | Doxorubicin (15 mg/kg bw/i.p. | Assay of BUN, serum creatinine, serum total protein, urinary total protein, and urinary creatinine, SOD, CAT, LPO and GSH in kidney | Nephroprotective potential | [77] |
| Phenolic compounds | Male albino rats | 100, 200, 400 mg/kg/p.o. | - | Assay of blood picture (RBC, WBC and Hb), lipid fraction (total lipid, TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL), liver function (AST, ALT and ALP, bilirubin) and kidney function (uric acid, urea and creatinine), total protein and its fractions (albumin and globulin), lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activity (SOD, CAT) | Hypolipidemic and antihypercholesterolemic activity | [78] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Ten isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were prepared; 5 of them were cholesterol-free and differed in the content of lentil powder (%): lentil-free (0), raw dehulled (60.5), raw whole (66.6), cooked dehulled (62.5) and cooked whole (65.6); while in the other 5, cholesterol (1%) | High cholesterol feed | Assay of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, AIP, CRR and atherogenic coefficient | Cardioprotective activity | [79] |
| Total phenolics | Male Wistar rats | 200 g/kg/p.o. for 28 days | - | Assay of hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase in epididymal fat, gastrocnemius and heart | Cardioprotective and hypolipoproteinemia activity | [80] |
| Flavonoids | Sprague-Dawley female rats | 100, 200, 400 mg/kg/p.o. | Triton WR-1339 (250 mg/kg/i.v.) | Assay of TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL | Antihyperlipidemic activity | [81] |
| Total phenolics | Human | - | - | Cross-cultural and intervention studies | Cardioprotective activity | [82] |
| Phenolic acids | Human | 13% p.o. | - | Assay of LDL | Hypolipidemic activity | [83] |
| Total phenolics | Human | 120–130 g cooked lentil/day for 30–56 days/p.o. | - | Assay of TC, LDL, TG | Hypolipidemic activity | [84] |
| Phenolic acids | Human with hyperlipidemic patients | 140 g/oral for 4 months’ time | - | Assay of serum TC and TG | Hypolipidemic activity | [85] |
LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CAT: catalase; LPO: lipid peroxidation; WBC: white blood cells; Hb: hemoglobin; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low density lipoprotein; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; CRR: cardiac risk ratio; i.v.: intravenous.