Table 8.
Summary of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on the anticancer and chemopreventive effects of polyphenol-rich lentils.
| Polyphenol-Rich Lentils | Model | Dose and Route of Administration | Negative Control | Investigation | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids, lentil lectins | Human colon adenocarcinoma HT29 and colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cells | 19 µM | - | cDNA, encoding a Bowman–Birk protease inhibitor, assessed with an array of molecular masses | Antiproliferative properties in colon cancer | [97] |
| Flavonoids, lentil lectins | Human colon carcinoma cell line CACO-2 | 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 and 10 mg/mL | - | Production of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR | Anticancer activity | [105] |
| Flavonoids, lentil lectins | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE1 and CNE2 cell lines | 1–5 mg/mL | - | Assay of MTT, flow cytometry and Western blotting | Anticancer activity | [106] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | In vitro | 100 µL | 2,2′-Azobis (2-amidino propane hydrochloride | Assay of DPPH, radical scavenging assay, the hydroxyl radical- and the peroxyl radical-induced DNA strand scission assays | Potent chemopreventive agents | [100] |
| Cooked Lentil seeds with iron | Sprague-Dawley rats | 35 mg/kg/p.o. | Iron-free diet (anemic group) | Assay of body weight, feed intake, Hb, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RBC, WBC and serum iron, platelet count and TIBC | Protective effect on iron deficiency anemia | [13] |
| Kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin | Human | 1 cup cooked lentil/day/p.o. | - | Validated food frequency questionnaires in 1991 and 1995 from 90,630 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II | Protective against breast cancer | [98] |
| Flavonols | Human | 1 cup cooked lentil/day/p.o. | - | Validated food frequency questionnaires | Protective against breast cancer | [107] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | Human | 1 cup cooked lentil/day/p.o. | - | Validated food frequency questionnaires in 1976 and 1982 from 78,000 men | Protective against prostate cancer | [108] |
| Total phenolics and flavonoids | Human | 1 cup cooked lentil/day/p.o. | - | Validated food frequency questionnaires in 617 incident cases of prostate cancer | Protects against prostate cancer | [109] |
| Isoflavones-genistein | Human | 1 cup cooked lentil/day/p.o. | - | A validated food frequency questionnaires incident cases of prostate cancer | Protects against prostate cancer | [99] |
| Flavonols, flavones and flavonoid | Human | 1 cup cooked lentil/day/p.o. | - | A validated food frequency questionnaires | Protects against prostate cancer | [110] |
| Flavonoids, lentil seed lectins | Human | - | - | Assay by using a flow cytometer | Screening for colorectal cancer | [111] |
| Flavonoids, lentil seed lectins | Patients with benign thyroid disease and thyroid carcinomas | - | - | Assay of Lens culinaris agglutinin reactive thyroglobulin ratios in sera and wash fluids | Useful for distinguishing between thyroid carcinoma and benign thyroid tumor | [112] |
| Flavonoids, lentil seed lectins | Patients with benign thyroid disease and thyroid carcinomas | - | - | Assay of Lens culinaris agglutinin reactive thyroglobulin ratios in sera and wash fluids | Useful prognostic marker for thyroid cancer | [113] |
MCP: monocyte chemotactic protein; MCV: mean corpuscular value; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; TIBC: total iron binding capacity.