Figure 2.
The 70% ethanol extract of Spirulina maxima (SM70EE) ameliorates learning and memory impairments by inhibiting the amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1–42 in mice. (A) Mice performed a passive avoidance test 24 h after training (n = 6 per group). (B) The Morris water maze test was conducted across 4 days (n = 6 per group). Behavioral tests results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. (C) Levels of Aβ1–42 in mouse hippocampus (n = 4 per group). (D) Mouse hippocampal lysates were subjected to western blot analyses to determine amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) protein expression levels (n = 3 per group). Protein expression levels were normalized to α-tubulin. (E) Mouse hippocampal lysates were subjected to AChE assay to investigate AChE activity (n = 4 per group). Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. The p-values in the multiple comparison results (e.g., a, b, c, and d) indicated significant differences among the groups (p < 0.05).