Figure 3.

The 70% ethanol extract of Spirulina maxima (SM70EE) suppresses oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant enzyme levels that had been reduced in mouse hippocampus by an intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β 1–42 (Aβ_1–42). (A) Glutathione (GSH) levels in mouse hippocampus (n = 4 per group). (B) Mouse hippocampal lysates were subjected to western blot analyses to determine glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and glutathione reductase (GR) protein expression levels (n = 3 per group). Protein levels were normalized to α-tubulin. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. The p-values in the multiple comparison results (e.g., a, b, c, and d) indicated significant differences among the groups (p < 0.05).