Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 4.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017 May 19;16(7):487–511. doi: 10.1038/nrd.2017.22

Figure 1. Autophagic processes amenable to therapeutic modulation.

Figure 1

Several pharmacological and nutritional interventions are available to inhibit autophagy at the nucleation, elongation, fusion or degradation phase. In addition, several agents modulate autophagy through multipronged or hitherto uncharacterized molecular mechanisms. For additional details, please refer to TABLE 1. 3-MA, 3-methyladenine; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG4B, autophagy-related 4B cysteine peptidase; BafA1, bafilomycin A1; BECN1, beclin 1; CRM, caloric restriction mimetic; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; IFNγ, interferon-γ; Ins(1,4,5)P3, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ULK1, UNC-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1.