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. 2017 Nov 28;12:3371–3379. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S147070

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© 2017 Chan et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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COPD grouping and pharmacological management recommended by GOLD guideline 2011.

Notes: Adapted from Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic pulmonary disease, 2011 with permission.⁷ ^aTreatment options within each choice are mentioned in alphabetical order and therefore not necessarily in order of preference. ^bAlternative treatment to be used alone or in combination with other options in the first and second choices. ^cGOLD 1: FEV₁ ≥80% predicted, GOLD 2: 50%≤ FEV₁ ≤80% predicted, GOLD 3: FEV₁ ≤50% predicted and GOLD 4: FEV₁ <30% predicted or FEV₁ predicted plus chronic respiratory failure.

Abbreviations: CAT, COPD Assessment Test; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β₂-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; PDE4i, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors; prn, as needed (pro renata); SABA, short-acting β₂-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonist.