Table 2.

Partial Correlations Between Child Effortful Control and Different Dimensions of Parenting in the Three Groups (Controlling for the Effects of Child Age and Maternal Educational Level).

	Child effortful control
	Chinese U.S.	Chinese U.K.	Taiwanese	All
Authoritative parenting	.006	−.055	−.241	−.094
Connection	−.025	−.060	−.229	−.108
Regulation	.084	−.155	.036	−.021
Autonomy granting	−.002	.072	.334*	−.094
Authoritarian parenting	.251	.339*	.041	.148
Physical coercion	.132	.228	−.087	.049
Verbal hostility	.246	.297	.244	.223*
Punitive	.309	.334	.041	.139
Chinese-specific parenting	.377*	−.086	.062	.126
Encouraging modesty	.292	.197	−.047	.139
Shaming	.166	−.213	.130	.071
Protection	.384*	.076	.140	.162
Directiveness	.279	.012	−.023	.079
Maternal involvement	−.067	−.282	−.012	−.075

^*p < .05. **p < .01 (two-tailed).