Aerobic glycolysis	another term for the Warburg effect (see below); it tends to be used when discussing cells other than tumor cells, such as cells of the immune system
Insulin resistance	a condition, strongly associated with obesity and excessive lipid stores, whereby organs or tissues such as liver, muscle and adipose tissue become less sensitive to the anabolic effects of insulin
LPS	lipopolysaccharide, a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that is sensed by the Toll-like receptor TLR4
NSAIDs	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including salicylates; most are thought to act by inhibiting COX1 and/or COX2
Portal circulation	the part of the circulatory system via which blood passes directly from the gut to the liver, without first returning to the heart: it ensures that the liver is the organ that first encounters molecules absorbed from the gut
Prostanoids	extracellular mediators derived from long chain unsaturated fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid; they include the prostaglandins as well as other prostanoids such as thromboxane, which promotes platelet aggregation and hence blood clotting
Toll-like receptors	receptors related to the product of the Drosophila gene Toll, which activate cells of the innate immune system when they bind ligands derived from microbial infection
Warburg effect	the high rate of glucose uptake, glycolysis and lactate production observed in many rapidly proliferating cells, especially tumor cells