Table 3.

Associations between $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}$ exposure and blood cytokine levels in the BAMSE children.

Cytokine	$\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2$ during infancy		$\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2$ at 8 y
	$N$	Estimatea (95% CI)	$N$	Estimatea (95% CI)
$\text{IFN}\mathrm{\gamma }$	655	11.1 ($-3.3$; 27.7)	644	1.3 ($-8.4$; 11.9)
$\text{IL}-1\mathrm{\beta }$	145	$-5.3$ ($-55.8$; 102.8)	142	1.3 ($-44.3$; 84.2)
IL-10	655	5.6 ($-6.0$; 18.6)	644	4.1 ($-4.2$; 13.1)
IL-12p70	621	$-8.4$ ($-24.3$; 10.9)	610	1.8 ($-11.3$; 16.9)
IL-13	585	$-1.5$ ($-15.5$; 14.8)	576	1.7 ($-9.1$; 13.7)
IL-2	627	$-5.5$ ($-22.3$; 14.9)	616	0.8 ($-12.4$; 15.9)
IL-4	577	$-5.8$ ($-24.8$; 18.1)	566	$-13.2$ ($-25.8$; 1.6)
IL-6	655	13.6 (0.8; 28.1)	644	4.7 ($-3.9$; 14.2)
IL-8	655	0.1 ($-9.7$; 10.9)	644	$-5.8$ ($-12.5$; 1.4)
$\text{TNF}\mathrm{\alpha }$	655	$-0.8$ ($-7.0$; 5.9)	644	$-0.1$ ($-4.6$; 4.7)

Note: ${\mathrm{NO}}_2$, nitrogen dioxide; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon.

^aResults are obtained by means of linear regression analyses and presented as percentage change in serum concentration of cytokines per $10\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^3$ increase of ${\mathrm{NO}}_2$ exposure. Adjusted for child’s sex, DD asthma ever up to 8 y of age, and municipality at birth.