Table 5.
Adolescent girls’ adjusted* Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) scores by past week frequency of eating breakfast together as a family in rural Minnesota, USA, 2012–2014
| Family breakfast frequency in the past week | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never (n 226) | 1–2 times (n 116) | 3–7 times (n 71) | |||||
| Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | P value | |
| Total HEI-2010 score (range: 0–100) | 53·8 | 1·4 | 54·0 | 1·6 | 54·0 | 1·8 | 0·99 |
| Vegetable score (range: 0–5) | 2·1 | 0·1 | 2·1 | 0·2 | 2·0 | 0·2 | 0·77 |
| Whole fruit score (range: 0–5) | 2·4 | 0·2 | 2·1 | 0·3 | 2·2 | 0·3 | 0·37 |
| Whole grains score (range: 0–5) | 3·6 | 0·4 | 3·4 | 0·4 | 4·0 | 0·5 | 0·41 |
| Refined grains score (range: 0–10) | 5·7a | 0·4 | 5·2a,b | 0·4 | 4·0c | 0·5 | 0·001 |
| Dairy score (range: 0–10) | 7·8 | 0·3 | 7·9 | 0·3 | 8·6 | 0·4 | 0·06 |
| Protein foods score (range: 0–5) | 3·9 | 0·2 | 4·2 | 0·2 | 3·7 | 0·2 | 0·08 |
| Fatty acid ratio score (range: 0–10) | 3·4 | 0·3 | 3·7 | 0·4 | 3·4 | 0·4 | 0·82 |
| Sodium score (range: 0–10) | 5·1 | 0·4 | 4·8 | 0·4 | 4·5 | 0·5 | 0·35 |
| Empty calories score† (range: 0–20) | 14·5a | 0·5 | 15·4a,b | 0·6 | 16·2b | 0·6 | 0·008 |
a,b,cMean values within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P<0·05).
*
The model includes fixed effects for school grade level, race, ethnicity, household structure, free/reduced-price school meal eligibility and household food security status, along with a random effect representing school.
†
Solid fats, alcohol and added sugars.